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Time and Time Again

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A.K.Ramanujan 

1929-1993

A.K. Ramanujan is one of India’s finest English-language poets. He is best known for his pioneering translations of ancient Tamil poetry into modern English. At the time of his death he was professor of linguistics at the University of Chicago and was recognised as the world’s most profound scholar of South Indian languages and culture.

His interests included anthropology and folklore. These influenced his work as a craftsman of English. This poem represents the complex distillation of a lifetime of unusual thought and feeling.

Or listen to the clocktowers

of any old well-managed city


beating their gongs round the clock, each slightly

off the others’ time, deeper or lighter


in its bronze, beating out a different

sequence each half-hour, out of the accidents


of alloy, a maker’s shaking hand

in Switzerland, or the mutual distances


commemorating a donor’s whim,

the perennial feuds and seasonal alliance


of Hindu, Christian, and Muslim—

cut off sometimes by a change of wind,


a change of mind, or a siren

between the pieces of a backstreet quarrel.


One day you look up and see one of them

eyeless, silent, a zigzag sky showing

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through the knocked-out clockwork, after a riot,

a peace-march time bomb, or a precise act

Of nature in a night of lightnings.


Responding to the Poem

 1. What did you think the poem was about when you read the first few lines?

2. From which line does the import of the title strike the reader?

3. What makes for the differences between the timekeeping of the various clocks? What is the implicit comparison?

4. Why is the act of nature described as ‘precise’?

5. Which of the following reflects the poet’s attitude towards communal disharmony

(i) Critical condemnation

(ii) Helpless acceptance

(iii) Wistful lament

6. Is the poet’s attitude a representation of how the average Indian feels both towards human violence and nature’s fury?


Suggested Reading

The Interior Landscape by A.K. Ramanujan

Poems of Love and War by A.K. Ramanujan.