What are the conditions for ‘something ’to be called ‘matter’?

Name two processes which provide the best evidence for the motion of particles in matter.

Which single term is used to describe the mixing of copper sulphate and water kept in a beaker, on its own?

When sugar is dissolved in water, there is no increase in the volume. Which characteristic of matter is illustrated by this observation?

Even two or three crystals of potassium permanganate can impart colour to a very large volume of water. Which characteristic of particles of matter is illustrated by this observation?

When an incense stick(agarbatti) is lighted in one corner of a room, its fragrance spreads in the whole room quickly. Which characteristic of the particles of matter is illustrated by this observation?

A piece of chalk can be broken into small particles by hammering but a piece of iron cannot be broken into small particles by hammering. Which characteristic of the particles of matter is illustrated by these observations?

What is the scientific name of particles which make up matter?

Name the process by which a drop of ink spreads in a beaker of water.

What is the general name of:

(a) rigid form of matter?

(b) fluid forms of matter?

Out of solids, liquids and gases, which one has:

(a) Maximum movement of particles?

(b) Maximum interparticle attractions?

(c) Minimum spaces between particles?

‘A substance has a definite volume but no definite shape’. State whether this substance is a solid, a liquid or a gas.

Name the physical state of matter which can be easily compressed.

‘A substance has a definite shape as well as a definite volume’. Which physical state is represented by this statement?

A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. State whether it is a solid ,a liquid or a gas.

Name two gases which are supplied in compressed form in homes and hospitals.

Write the full forms of the following:

(a) LPG (b) CNG

Which of the two diffuses faster: a liquid or a gas?

Which of the two diffuses slower: bromine vapour into air or copper sulphate into water?

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Red brown bromine vapour diffuse into air in a gas jar but the colourless air molecules do not diffuse into bromine vapour.

A bottle of perfume was opened in a room. The smell of its vapours spread in the entire room. Name the property of gases which is responsible for this behavior of perfume vapours.

If the fish is being fried in a neighbouring home, we can smell it sitting in our own home. Name the process which brings this smell to us.

Name one property of liquids and gases which tells us that their molecules are moving constantly.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) The best evidence that the particles of matter are constantly moving comes from the studies of………. and ……….

(b) The smell of perfume gradually spreads across a room due to ………….

(c) Solid, liquid and gas are the three………….. of matter.

(d) At room temperature, the forces of attraction between the particles of solid substances are………….. than those which exist in the gaseous state.

(e) The arrangement of particles is less ordered in the…………. State. However, there is no order in the………State.

State two characteristics of matter demonstrated by:

(a) Diffusion.

(b) Brownian motion.

Name the scientist who studied the movement of pollen grains suspended in water through a microscope. What is this phenomenon known as?

When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a beaker, its purple colour spreads throughout the water. What does this observation tell us about the nature of potassium permanganate and water?

When a gas jar containing air is inverted over a gas jar containing bromine vapour, the red-brown bromine vapour diffuse into air. Explain how bromine vapour diffuse into air.

Describe in your own words, what happens to the particles when salt dissolves in water.

Explain why, we can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a plank of wood, we need a karate expert.

Give one example of the diffusion of a solid in another solid.

Explain why, the diffusion of a solid in another solid.

Whish of the following diffuses fastest and which the slowest?

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Give reasons for your answer.

Explain the following:

When an incense stick is lighted in the corner of room, its fragrance spreads quickly in the entire room.

Name the three states of matter. Give one example of each.

State two characteristic properties each of:

(a) A solid

(b) a liquid

(c) a gas

Why do gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume?

How do solids, liquids and gases differ in shape and volume?

Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between their particles (keeping the substance having them in imum force of attraction first):

Water, Sugar, Oxygen

Give two reasons to justify that:

(a) Water is a liquid at room temperature.

(b) An iron almirah is a solid.

(a) When an incense stick(agarbatti) is lighted in one corner of a room, its fragrance quickly spreads in the entire room. Name the process involved in this.

(b) A girl is cooking some food in the kitchen. The smell of food being cooked soon reaches her brother’s room. Explain how the smell could have reached her brother’s room.

(a) What does the diffusion of gases tell us about their particles?

(b) Give one example of diffusion of gases in a liquid.

Give reason for the following observation:

The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even from a considerable distance but to get the smell form cold food, we have to go close to it.

Explain how, the smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable distance.

Explain why, when a bottle of perfume is opened in a room, we can smell it even from a considerable distance.

When a crystal of copper sulphate is placed at the bottom of a beaker containing water, the water slowly turns blue. Why?

Honey is more viscous than water. Can you suggest why?

Explain why:

(a) Air is used to inflate tyres.

(b) Steel is used to make railway lines.

Explain why, diffusion occurs more quickly in a gas than in al iquid.

(a) What is meant by ‘diffusion’? Give one example of diffusion in gases.

(b) Why do gases diffuse very fast?

(c) Name two gases of air which dissolve in water by diffusion. What is the importance of this process in nature?

(a) Compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases in tabular form.

(b) Give two reasons for saying that wood is a solid

During class, the students resemble molecules in a solid (because they are very close to one another)

While going from one classroom to another the students resemble molecules in a liquid (because they are a little more farther apart from one another)

And in the playground students resemble molecules in a gas (because they are very, very far apart from one another)

(a) Why does a gas exert pressure?

(b) Why does a gas fill a vessel completely?

(c) Why are gases so easily compressible whereas it is almost impossible to compress a solid or a liquid?

(a) Define matter. Give four examples of matter.

(b) What are the characteristics of matter?

(a) What is Brownian motion? Draw a diagram to show the movement of a particle (like a pollen grain) during Brownian motion.

(b) In a beam of sunlight entering a room, we can sometimes see dust particles moving in a haphazard way in the air. Why do these dust particles move?

When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed at the bottom of water in a beaker, the water in the whole beaker turns purple on its own, even without stirring. This is an example of:

Which one of the following statement is correct in respect of fluids?

A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of ‘forces of attraction’ between their particles. Which one of the following represents the correct arrangement?

In which of the following conditions, the distance between the molecules of hydrogen gas would increase?

(i) increasing pressure on hydrogen contained in a closed container

(ii) some hydrogen gas leaking out of the container

(iii) increasing the volume of the container of hydrogen gas

(iv) adding more hydrogen gas to the container without increasing the volume of the container

Out of the following, an example of matter which can be termed as fluid is:

The best evidence for the existence and movement of particles in liquids was provided by:

A form of matter has no fixed shape but it has a fixed volume. An example of this form of matter is:

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

When a gas jar full of air is placed upside down on a gas jar full of bromine vapours, the red-brown vapours of bromine from the lower jar go upward into the jar containing air. In this experiment:

When a gas jar containing colourless air is kept upside down over a gas jar full of brown-coloured bromine vapour, then after sometime, the brown colour of bromine vapour spreads into the upper gas jar making both the gas jars appear brown in colour. Which of the following conclusion obtained from these observations is incorrect?

Which one of the following statements is not true?

Look at the diagram on the right side. Jar A contains are d-brown gas whereas Jar B contains a colourless gas. The two gas jars are separated by a glass plate placed between them

(a) What will happen when the glass plate between the two jars is pulled away?

(b) What name is given to the phenomenon which takes place?

(c) Name the brown gas which could be in jar A.

(d) Which is the colorless gas most likely to be present in jar B?

(e) Name one coloured solid and one colourless liquid which can show the same phenomenon.

Bromine and air take about 15 minutes to diffuse completely but bromine diffuses into a vacuum very rapidly. Why is this so?

Bromine particles are almost twice as heavy as chlorine particles. Which gas will diffuse faster; bromine(vapour) or chorine? Explain your answer.

Why is a liquid (the hydraulic fluid) used to operate the brakes in a car?

Explain why, a small volume of water in a kettle can fill a kitchen with steam.

Explain why, osmosis can be considered to be a special kind of diffusion. Classify the following into

(i) osmosis, and (ii) diffusion:

(a) swelling up of a raisin on keeping in water

(b) spreading of virus on sneezing

(c) earthworm dying on coming in contact with common salt

(d) shrinking of grapes kept in thick sugar syrup

(e) preserving of pickles in salt

(f) spreading of smell of cake being baked in the kitchen

(g) aquatic animals using oxygen dissolved in water during respiration

A student placed a gas jar containing air in the upside down position over a gas jar full of red-brown bromine vapours. He observed that the red brown colour spread upwards into the jar containing air. Based on this observation, the student concluded that it is only the bromine vapour which moves up and diffuses into air in the upper jar, the air from the upper jar does not move down by diffusion into the lower jar containing bromine vapours. Do you agree with this conclusion of the student? Give reason for your answer.

An inflated balloon full of air goes down slowly (becomes smaller and smallers lowly) even though the knot at the mouth of the balloon is air tight. And after a week all the air has escaped from the balloon. Explain how the air particles got out of the balloon.

When extremely small particles X derived from the another of a flower were suspended in a liquid Y and observed through a microscope, it was found that the particles X were moving throughout the liquid Y in a very zig zag way. It was also observed that warmer the liquid Y, faster the particles X moved in its surface.

(a) What could particles X be?

(b) What do you think liquid Y is?

(c) What is the zig-zag movement of particles X?

(d) What is causing the zig-zag movement of particles X?

(e) Name the scientist who discovered this phenomenon.

(f) What does this experiment tell us about the nature of liquid Y?

When a beam of sunlight enters a room through a window, we can see tiny particles X suspended in a gas (or rather a mixture of gases) Y which are moving rapidly in a very haphazard manner.

(a) What could particles X be?

(b) Name the gas (or mixture of gases) Y.

(c) What is the phenomenon exhibited by particles X known as?

(d) What is causing the movement of particles X?

(e) What conclusion does the existence of this phenomenon give us about the nature of matter?

The boiling point of water is 100°C. Express this in SI units (Kelvinscale).

The Kelvin temperature is 270K. What is the corresponding Celsius scale temperature?

Convert the temperature of 573K to the Celsius scale.

Convert the temperature of 373°C to the Kelvin scale.

The boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. What is this temperature on Kelvin scale?

The Kelvin scale temperature is 0 K. What is the corresponding Celsius scale temperature?

Give the usual mane of the following:

Heat required to change the state of a substance without changing the temperature.

What is the (a) common unit of temperature, and (b) SI unit of temperature?

Write the relation between Kelvin scale and Celsius scale of temperature.

What should be added to a Celsius scale reading so as to obtain the corresponding Kelvin scale reading?

What is meant by saying that the latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 × 105J/kg?

What is meant by saying that the latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 × 10⁵J/kg?

Name the temperature at which:

(a) A liquid changes into a gas

(b) A solid changes into a liquid.

Name one common substance which can be easily changed from one state to another by heating or cooling.

What is the mane of the process in which:

(a) A solid turns directly into a gas?

(b) A gas turns directly into a solid?

Name one property which is shown by ammonium chloride but not by sodium chloride.

What is the name of the process due to which dry ice changes into carbon dioxide gas?

What is the common name of solid carbon dioxide?

Why is solid carbon dioxide known as dry ice?

State one condition necessary to liquefy gases (other than applying high pressure).

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Solid carbon dioxide is stored under low pressure.

What is the chemical name of dry ice?

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) Gases can be liquefied by applying ___ and lowering ___

(b) When steam condenses to form water, heat is ___

(c) Temp on Kelvin scale = Temp on Celsius scale + ___

(d) Scientists say that there are actually five states of matter: Solid, liquid, gas, ___ and ___

(e) The state of matter called ___ makes a fluorescent tube (or neon sign bulb) to glow.

What do you understand by the term ‘latent heat’? What are the two types of latent heat?

Why is heat energy needed to melt a solid? What is this heat energy called?

Under what conditions heat can be given to a substance without raising its temperature?

Why does the temperature remain constant during the melting of ice even though heat is supplied continuously?

Why does the temperature remain constant during the boiling of water even though heat is supplied continuously?

Explain why, ice at 0°C is more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature.

Would you cool a bucket of water more quickly by placing it on ice or by placing ice in it? Give reasons for your answer.

Why does steam cause more severe burns than boiling water?

Which contains more heat,1kg of ice at 0°C or 1 kg of water at 0°C? Give reason for your answer.

Which contains more heat, 1 kg of water at 100°C or 1 kg of steam at 100°C? Give reason for your answer.

Explain why, steam at 100°C is better for heating purposes than boiling water at 100 �C.

Which produces more severe burns: boiling water or steam? Why?

Why does the temperature of a substance remain constant during the change of state?

What is the physical state of water:

(a) at 0°C? (b) at 25°C

(c) at 100°C (d) at 250°C

Explain why, there is no rise in temperature of a substance when it undergoes a change of state though heat is supplied continuously.

Define ‘melting point’ of a substance? What is the melting point of ice?

Define ‘boiling point’ of a substance? What is the boiling point of water?

Define the following terms:

(a) Melting (b) Boiling

Define the following terms:

(a) Condensation (b) Freezing

Explain why, naphthalene balls kept in stored clothes in our homes disappear over a period of time.

Explain briefly, how gases can be liquefied.

How is ammonia gas liquefied?

How does applying pressure (or compression) help in the liquefaction of a gas?

How does perspiration or sweating help keep our body cool on a hot day?

Why does all the water of the earth not get evaporated during hot summer days?

If the back of your hand is moistened with alcohol, you will find that it rapidly becomes dry. Why is it that while it is drying, your hand feels cool?

Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot, dry day?

How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cold during summer?

What type of clothes should we wear in summer? Why?

Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than from a cup?

Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone (or perfume) on it?

How will you demonstrate that water vapour is present in air?

(a) Define the term ‘latent heat of fusion’ of a solid. How much is the latent heat of fusion of ice?

(b) Draw a labeled diagram of the experimental set-up to study the latent heat of fusion of ice.

(a) Define the term ‘latent heat of vaporization’ of liquid. What is the value of the of the latent heat of vaporization of water?

(b) Draw a labeled diagram of the experimental set-up to study the latent heat of vaporization of water.

(a) What is sublimation? Name two substances (other than ammonium chloride) which undergo sublimation.

(b) Draw a labeled diagram of the experimental set-up to demonstrate the sublimation of ammonium chloride.

(a) What are the two ways in which the physical states of matter can be changed?

(b) Draw the ‘states of matter triangle’ to show the interconversion of states of matter.

(c) How can the evaporation of a liquid be made faster?

(a) What is evaporation? State the various factors which affect evaporation.

(d) Why does evaporation cool a liquid?

Which of the following are also considered to be the states of matter?

(i) Plasma (ii) Platelets

(iii) BFC (iv) BHC

One of the following does not undergo sublimation. This one is:

Which of the following process/processes release heat?

(i) condensation

(ii) vaporization

(iii) freezing

(iv) melting

If the temperature of an object is 268K, it will be equivalent to:

The boiling point of ethane is, -88°C. This temperature will be equivalent to:

When heat is constantly supplied by a gas burner with small flame to melt ice, then the temperature of ice during melting:

When water at 0°C freezes to form ice at the same temperature of 0°C, then it:

When heat is constantly supplied by a burner to boiling water, then the temperature of water during vaporisation:

The latent heat of fusion of ice is:

The latent heat of vaporization of water is:

Which one of the following set of phenomena would increase on raising the temperature?

Which of the following represent the suitable condition for the liquefaction of gases?

During summer days, water kept in an earthen pot(pitcher) becomes cool because of the phenomenon of:

On converting 25°C, 38°C and 66°C to Kelvin scale, the correct sequence of temperatures will be:

The conversion of a solid into vapours without passing through the liquid state is called:

The evaporation of water increases under the following conditions:

On converting 308K, 329K and 391K to Celsius scale, the correct sequence of temperatures will be:

Which of the following energy is absorbed during the change of state of a substance?

Which of the following factors are responsible for the change in state of solid carbon dioxide when kept exposed to air?

(i) increase in pressure

(ii) increase in temperature

(iii) decrease in pressure

(iv) decrease in temperature

During respiration, glucose and oxygen enter our body cells and waste products carbon dioxide and water leave the body cells by the process of:

There are four substances W, X, Y and Z. The substance W is a dark violet solid having diatomic molecules. A solution of W in alcohol is used as a common antiseptic C. The substance X is a white solid which is usually recovered from sea water on a large scale. The substance Y is a white solid which is insoluble in water and used in the form of small balls for the safe storage of woollen clothes. The substance Z is a yet another white solid which is used in making commonly used dry cells.

(a) Name (i) W (ii) X (iii) Y and (iv) Z.

(b) Out of W, X, Y and Z, which substance/substances can undergo sublimation?

(c) Which substances organic in nature?

(d) What is the name of substance C?

(e) Which substance belongs to the halogen family?

The substance X normally exists in a physical state which can flow easily but does not fill its vessel completely. It also turns anhydrous copper sulphate blue. When substance X is cooled excessively, it changes into a substance Y which has a fixed shape as well as a fixed volume. If, however, the substance X is heated strongly, it changes into a substance Z which has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

(a) Name the substances (i) X (ii) Y and (iii) Z.

(b) What is the process of conversion of X into Y known as?

(c) At which temperature X gets converted into Y?

(d) What is the process of conversion of X into Z known as?

(e) At which temperature X gets converted into Z?

The scientists now say that there are actually five states of matter A, B, C, D and E. The state A has a fixed volume but no fixed shape. The state B can be compressed very easily by applying pressure and state C has a fixed shape as well as a fixed volume. The state D is mixture of free electrons and ions whereas state E is named after an Indian scientist and a famous physicist.

(a) Name the physical states (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D, and (v) E.

(b) Name one substance belonging to state C which can directly change into vapours on heating. What is this process known as?

(c) Name one substance which normally belongs to state B but whose solid form changes directly into gaseous state.

(d) Name the most common substance belonging to state A.

(e) Which state of matter makes the sum and other stars to glow.

When water is cooled to a temperature x, it gets converted into ice at temperature x by a process called P. And when ice at temperature x is warmed, it gets reconverted into water at the same temperature x in a process called Q.

(a) What is the value of temperature x in Kelvin?

(b) What is the process P known as?

(c) What is the name of energy released during process P?

(d) What is the process Q known as?

(e) What is the name of energy absorbed during process Q?

When water is heated to a temperature x, it gets converted into steam at temperature x by a process called R. And when steam at temperature x is cooled, it gets reconverted in to water at the same temperature x by a process called S.

(a) How much is the value of x in Kelvin?

(b) What is the process R called?

(c) What is the name of the energy absorbed during the process R?

(d) What is process S known as?

(e) What is the name of energy released during the process S known as?