Give the formulae of the following functional groups:

(a) Aldehyde

(b) Ketone

Give the electronic dot structure of CO₂ molecule.

What is the unique ability of carbon atom?

Silicon has same valence electrons like carbon but it do not show the property similar to carbon. Why?

Where in the nature you can find the products of esterification reaction?

What is the industrial application of hydrogenation?

Give the name of:

(a) HCOOCH₃

(b) HCHO

What happens when ethanol gets oxidised? Name the type of oxidising agents used.

What happens when ethanol is heated at 443 K with excess of conc. H₂SO₄?

What is meant by esterification reaction? Give equation to explain the process.

What is meant by saponification? Explain the process and its practical utility.

Differentiate between a soap and a detergent.

What are addition reactions? Which category of compounds undergoes addition reactions? Explain.

What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

Why scum is formed when soap is treated with hard water?

Give only the mechanism of cleansing action of soaps.

A compound of carbon which has acidic characteristic is used as preservative of pickles. This compound reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to release a colourless gas. Identify the compound and the gas. Give equations for the reactions also.

How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

How an ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?

How you can differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil? What are substitution reactions? Explain giving a suitable example.

Give reason why:

(i) A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding whereas oxygen and ethyne mixture is preferred.

(ii) Carbon does not form C⁴⁺ and C^4– ions.

How many structural isomers you can draw for isoheptane?

What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclohexane? Why diamond and graphite are so different from each other, although both of them are made-up of carbon atoms only?

Ethane, with the molecular formula C₂H₆ has:

Butanone is a four carbon compounds with the functional group:

While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that:

Alcohols may be represented by the general formula:

Ethanoic acid can be obtained from ethanol by the process of:

Alkynes may be represented by the general formula:

The number of electron pairs shared by the two carbon atoms which are bonded by a triple bond are:

The oxidizing agent which can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid is:

The class of organic compounds which gives effervescence with NaHCO₃ solution is:

Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?

Structural formula of ethyne is:

Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the:

Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g., hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of:

The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is:

Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?

Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

(i) H₃C — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃

(ii) H₃C — C ≡ C — CH₃

(iii)

(iv)

Pentane has the molecular formula C₅H₁₂. It has:

Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are:

Vinegar is a solution of:

Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?

The name of the compound

CH₃ — CH₂ — CHO is:

The heteroatoms present in

CH₃ — CH₂ — O — CH₂ — CH₂Cl are:

(i) oxygen (ii) carbon

(iii) hydrogen (iv) chlorine

The first member of alkyne homologous series is:

Write true or false for the following statements:

Scum is formed due to the reaction of soap with calcium and magnesium salts present in hard water.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Alcohols react with sodium leading to the evolution of carbon dioxide.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Esters are most commonly formed by reaction of an aldehyde with ketones.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Carbon, in its all allotropic forms, burns in oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide along with the release of heat and light.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame while unsaturated carbon compounds will give a yellow flame with lots of black smoke.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Animal fats generally contain saturated fatty acids which are said to be good for health.

Write true or false for the following statements:

Two pairs of electrons are shared between two nitrogen atoms to form a nitrogen molecule

Write true or false for the following statements:

Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give salt (sodium ethanoate or sodium acetate) and water.