Name the process of converting vegetable oil to vegetable ghee.

What is the general formula of alkanes? Identify the alkanes from the following hydrocarbons.

CH₄,C₂H₂,C₂H₆, C₃H₆ and C₃H₈

Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and also draw its structural formula.

State the reason why covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.

Draw the structural formula of methanoic acid.

A compound ‘X’ has a formula C₃H₆. It decolourises bromine water. Write the chemical name of ‘X’.

Write the molecular formula of the 2^nd and 3^rd member of the homologous series whose first member is ethane.

Write the molecular formula of i. ethane and ii. Ethanoic acid.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C- atoms and show addition reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethane.

What will happen if ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a mineral acid? Name the reaction. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

Give chemical tests to detect the presence of a. ethanol and b. ethanoic acid.

Write the two factors because of which carbon compounds exist in large numbers.

(a) Write your observation, if you dip a red litmus paper in soap solution.

(b) Suggest one method to remove the temporary hardness of water.

Explain the cleansing action of soap with the help of a diagram.

Give one example of an element other than carbon which forms covalent bond. Also draw its electron dot structure.

How is ethane prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.

Complete the following chemical equations:

i. C₂H₅HO + O₂→

Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition reaction with hydrogen is possible. State the essential condition for an addition reaction. Stating this condition, write a chemical equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of the reaction.

Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.

Two carbon compounds X and Y have the molecular formula C₃H₆ and C₄H₁₀ respectively. Which one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Also give the chemical equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this case.

Name the compound formed when ethanol is heated in excess of conc. sulphuric acid in it. What would happen if hydrogen is added to the product of this reaction in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel?

A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C₂H₄O₂ and an alcohol in presence of a few drops of H₂SO₄. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO₄ followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid used in this reaction. Give the names and structures of the

a. carboxylic acid,

b. alcohol and

c. compound X.

Also, write the reaction.

Write three different chemical reactions showing the conversion of ethanoic acid to sodium ethanoate. Write balanced chemical equation in each case. Write the name of the reactants and the products other than ethanoic acid and sodium ethanote in each case.

Name the products obtained on complete combustion of hydrocarbons? How is the gas evolved during combustion tested in the laboratory? Explain in brief.

Write the next higher homologue of:

(a) C₃H₆ (b) C₅H₈

State any three points of differences between ionic and covalent compounds.

What happens when

(Write a chemical equation in each case)

(a) ethanol is burnt in the air?

(b) ethanol is heated with excess conc. H₂SO₄ at 443 K?

(c) a piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?

What are hydrocarbons? Write the general formula of (i) saturated hydrocarbons, and (ii) unsaturated hydrocarbons and draw the structure of one hydrocarbon of each type.

What are hydrocarbons? Distinguish alkanes from alkenes and each of them from alkynes, giving one example of each. Draw the structure of each compound cited as an example to justify your answer.

An organic compound ‘A’ on heating with another compound ‘B’ in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid forms a sweet smelling compound ‘C’:

i. Identify the name of this chemical reaction.

ii. Write a balanced chemical equation for the above chemical reaction.

iii. Write one use of compound ‘C’.

iv. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction when an acid or a base is added to compound ‘C’.

Explain the given reactions with the examples:

Hydrogenation reaction

Explain the given reactions with the examples:

Oxidation reaction

Explain the given reactions with the examples:

Substitution reaction

Explain the given reactions with the examples:

Saponification reaction

Explain the given reactions with the examples:

Esterification reaction

Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in Column (B).

What is meant by “structural isomers”? Give reason why propane (C₃H₈) cannot exhibit this characteristic. Draw the structures of possible isomers of butane (C₄H₁₀).

Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Suggest some activity and the reaction involved for the preparation of an ester with well labeled diagram.