vè;k; 8


miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl


8.1
vkius fiNys vè;k; ls tkuk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr dk mn; oSQls gqvk vkSj fdl rjg lapkj osQ u, :iksa us yksxksa osQ ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa lkspus vkSj ,d&nwljs ls tqM+us osQ rjhO+ksQ dks cny fn;kA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr us lkfgR; osQ u, :iksa dks laHko cuk;kA bl vè;k; esa ge lkfgR; osQ ,d ,sls gh u, :i-miU;kl-osQ ckjs esa i<+saxs D;ksafd bldk vk/qfud lksp osQ <jsZ ls fugk;r u”knhdh fj'rk jgk gSA igys ge if'pe esa miU;kl osQ bfrgkl dks vkSj fiQj Hkkjr osQ oqQN bykO+kQksa esa blosQ fodkl dk vè;;u djsaxsA vki ns[ksaxs fd cgqr lkjs vkilh I+kQO+kZQ osQ ckotwn] nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa miU;klksa esa dkI+kQh vge lekurk,¡ FkhaA

1 miU;kl dk mn;

miU;kl lkfgR; dh ,d vk/qfud fo/k gSA bldh iSnkb'k Nkis[+kkus osQ e'khuh vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA

Nih fdrkc osQ cxSj miU;kl dh dYiuk ge ugha dj ldrsA vki tkurs gSa fd izkphu dky esa ikaMqfyfi;k¡ gLrfyf[kr gksrh Fkha (lkrok¡ vè;k;)A blls izlkj pan yksxksa rd lhfer FkkA ysfdu e'khu ls Nius osQ ckn miU;klksa dks cgqr cM+k ikBd oxZ fey x;k vkSj tYn gh bls ”kcjnLr yksdfiz;rk feyhA bl le; rd yanu tSls 'kgj cM+h rs”kh ls iSQy jgs Fks vkSj NikbZ rFkk lapkj osQ vU; lk/uksa osQ vkus ls NksVs 'kgjksa ls Hkh mudk laioZQ vklku gks x;k FkkA vius fc[kjs gq, vkSj fofo/ ikBd&oxZ osQ chp miU;klksa us oqQN lk>h #fp;k¡ O+kQk;e dhaA T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd dgkuh esa ?kqlrs x, vkSj dkYifud fOkQjnkjksa ls mudk fj'rk curk x;k] R;ksa&R;ksa izse vkSj fookg rFkk L=kh&iq#"k&laca/ vkfn osQ ckjs esa os vyx rjg ls lkspus yxsA

miU;kl us igys&igy tM+sa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal esa tekb±A gkyk¡fd miU;kl l=kgoha lnh ls gh fy[ks tkus yxs Fks] ysfdu mudk vlyh fodkl vBkjgoha lnh esa gh gqvkA buosQ ikBdksa esa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal osQ ikjaifjd Hknz lekt osQ vykok nqdkunkj o eqa'kh oxZ osQ yksx Hkh 'kkfey gks x,A

ikBd oxZ vkSj fdrkcksa osQ ck”kkj osQ c<+us ls ys[kdksa dh vk; Hkh c<+hA oqQyhu oxZ osQ laj{k.k ls vk”kkn gksdj vc os [kqys fny ls vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa esa rjg&rjg osQ iz;ksx djus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh osQ igys fgLls esa fy[k jgs miU;kldkj gsujh I+kQh¯YMx us nkok fd;k fd mUgksaus ^vius fy, ,d vyx lkezkT; [+kqn cuk;k gS* tgk¡ mUgha osQ cuk, O+kQkuwu pyrs gSaA okWYVj LdkWV us LdkWV yksdxhrksa dks ;kn vkSj tek djosQ LdkWV oa'kkoyh o mudh yM+kb;ksa osQ bfrgkl ij fy[ks vius miU;klksa esa mudk mi;ksx fd;kA nwljh rjI+kQ [+krwrh ;k i=kkRed miU;klksa esa futh i=kksa dks vk/kj cuk;k x;kA vBkjgoha lnh esa fy[ks x, lSeq,y fjpMZlu osQ miU;kl ikesyk esa iwjh dgkuh izsfe;ksa osQ vkilh [+krksa osQ ”kfj, dgh xbZ gSA ikBdksa dks ukf;dk osQ eu dh ckr] mlosQ var}±}ksa dk irk ukf;dk dh fpfV~B;ksa ls gh pyrk gSA


1-1 izdk'ku ck”kkj

lekt osQ X+kjhc rcO+ksQ dkI+kQh vjls rd izdk'ku osQ ck”kkj ls ckgj jgsA 'kq:&'kq: esa miU;kl lLrs rks Fks ughaA gsujh I+kQh¯YMx dk VkWe tksUl (1749) N% [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gqvk vkSj gj [kaM dh O+kQher rhu f'k¯yx Fkha] tks fd ,d vkSlr e”knwj osQ gÝ+rs&Hkj dh dekbZ gksrh FkhA

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Hknz lekt % tks yksx m¡Qps [+kkunku esa iSnkb'k vkSj m¡Qph lkekftd gSfl;r dk nkok djrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lgh O;ogkj osQ ekud ogh r; djrs gSaA

i=kkRed miU;kl % i=kksa dh Üka`[kyk osQ :i esa fy[kk gqvkA

ysfdu tYn gh 1740 esa fdjk;s ij pyusokys iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn yksxksa osQ fy, fdrkcsa lqyHk gks xb±A rduhdh lq/kj ls Hkh NikbZ osQ [+kpsZ esa deh vkbZ vkSj ekosZQfVax osQ u, rjhO+kQksa ls fdrkcksa dh fcozQh c<+hA I+kzQkal esa izdk'kdksa dks yxk fd miU;klksa dks ?kaVs osQ fglkc ls fdjk;s ij mBkus ls ”;knk ykHk gksrk gSA ;kn jgs fd miU;kl c`gn Lrj ij mRikfnr vkSj csph tkus okyh loZizFke oLrqvksa esa ls ,d FkkA bldh yksdfiz;rk osQ dbZ dkj.k FksA miU;klksa esa jph tk jgh nqfu;k fo'oluh; vkSj fnypLi Fkh] vkSj lp yxrh FkhA miU;kl i<+rs gq, ikBd fdlh vkSj nqfu;k esa pyk tkrk Fkk vkSj lalkj dks fdrkc osQ fOkQjnkj dh u”kj ls ns[kus yxrk FkkA bUgsa vosQys&vosQys Hkh i<+k tk ldrk Fkk] vkSj nksLrksa&fj'rsnkjksa osQ lkFk fey&cSB&cksydj Hkh bl ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh FkhA nsgkrh bykO+kQksa esa yksx vdlj bdV~Bk gksdj miU;klksa dks cM+s X+kkSj ls fdlh ,d dks i<+rs gq, lqurs ns[ks tk ldrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd baXySaM osQ Lykm uked LFkku ij yksx ;g tkudj cM+s [kq'k gq, fd fjpMZlu osQ miU;kl dh ukf;dk] ikesyk] mUgha osQ xk¡o esa C;kgh xbZ FkhA os mRlkg esa vkdj ppZ dh vksj Hkkxs vkSj ogk¡ tkdj fxjtk?kj dh ?kafV;k¡ ctkus yxsA

scan-3.tif

fp=k 1 -^cks”k* osQ LosQps”k dk vkoj.k fp=kA

pkYlZ f}rh; dk igyk izdk'ku ^cks”k* ckbZ LosQps”k osQ uke ls izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk (1836) vkSj ;g i=kdkjh fucaèkksa dk laxzg FkkA


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/kjkokfgd % ,slh i¼fr ftlesa dgkuh dks fdLrksa essa Nkik tkrk gSA gj fdLr if=kdk ;k v[+kckj osQ vxys vad esa Nirh gSA


scan-2.tif

fp=k 2& iqLrdky; uksfVlA

iqLrdky;ksa dk dkI+kQh izpkj fd;k tkrk FkkA


Year%20Round.tif

fp=k 3 -vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaM dk vkoj.k i`"BA

pkYlZ fMosQUl }kjk laikfnr if=kdk vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaM dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw ;g Fkk fd mlesa fMosQUl osQ miU;kl /kjkokfgd :i esa Nirs FksA

pkYlZ fMosQUl osQ miU;kl fidfod isilZ dk 1836 esa ,d if=kdk esa èkkjkokfgd :i esa Niuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA lfp=k vkSj lLrh gksus dh otg ls if=kdkvksa dk viuk vkd"kZ.k FkkA /kjkokfgd eqnz.k osQ pyrs ikBdksa dks jgL; dk e”kk feyus yxk] os vkil esa pfj=kksa ij ppkZ djus yxs] vkSj gÝ+rk&nj&gÝ+rk mudh dgkfu;ksa osQ lkFk thus yxsA Bhd mlh rjg tSls vkt osQ Vhoh lhfj;yksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA

novel-1a.tif

fp=k 4 -fy;ks rksYLrks; (1828&1910)A

rksYLrks; izfl¼ :lh miU;kldkj Fks ftUgksaus xzkeh.k thou vkSj leqnk; ij dkI+kQh dqN fy[kkA

1-2 miU;klksa dh nqfu;k

blls igys vkusokyh reke fyf[kr o`Qfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa miU;kl vke yksxksa dh f”kanxh osQ ”;knk O+kQjhc gSaA buesa jkT;ksa&lkezkT;ksa dh rO+kQnhj cnyus okyh egku gfLr;ksa dh gh ppkZ ugha gksrh cfYd buesa vke bulkuksa dh jks”kkuk dh f”kanxh dk fp=k.k Hkh feyrk gSA

ppkZ djsa

fuEufyf[kr izdkj osQ miU;klksa dk D;k eryc gS\

▸ i=kkRed miU;kl

▸ /kjkokfgd miU;kl

nksuksa fO+kQLeksa osQ ckjs esa izfl¼ ,d&,d ys[kd dk uke ”k:j crk,¡A


DSCN_%20011%5b1%5d.JPG

fp=k 5 -pkYlZ fMosQUl 1812&1870

mUuhloha lnh esa ;wjksi us vkS|ksfxd ;qx esa izos'k fd;kA I+kSQfDVª;k¡ vkb±] O;olk; esa equkI+ksQ c<+s] vFkZO;oLFkk iSQyhA ysfdu lkFk gh e”knwjksa dh leL;k,¡ Hkh c<+ha] 'kgj vf/d dke vkSj de e”knwjh ij [kVrs Jfedksa ls Hkj x,A X+kjhc csjks”kxkj dke dh ryk'k esa lM+dksa dh [+kkd Nkuus yxs vkSj ooZQgkml ;k jSuclsjksa esa iukg ysus yxsA m|ksxksa dh izxfr osQ lkFk&lkFk equkI+kQk[kksjksa dks lgh o e”knwjksa dks derj bulku ekuus dh izo`fÙk py iM+hA bl ?kVukozQe dh dM+h fuank djrs gq, pkYlZ fMosQUl tSls miU;kldkjksa us yksxksa osQ thou o pfj=k ij vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nq"izHkkoksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kkA muosQ miU;kl gkMZ VkbEl (1854) esa of.kZr dksdVkmu ,d mnkl dkYifud vkS|ksfxd 'kgj gS] tgk¡ e'khuksa dh Hkjekj gS] /qvk¡ mxyrh fpefu;k¡ gSa] iznw"k.k ls L;kg iM+h ufn;k¡ gSa] vkSj edku lc ,d&lsA e”knwjksa dks ;gk¡ ^gkFk* dh laKk ls tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj e'khu pykus osQ vykok mudh dksbZ vkSj vfLerk ughaA fMosQUl us u osQoy ykHk osQ yksHk dh vkykspuk dh cfYd mu fopkjksa dks Hkh vkM+s gkFkksa fy;k tks bulkuksa dks eg”k mRiknu dk vkS”kkj ekurs gSaA

scan-8.tif

fp=k 6 & Hkw[kk vksfyoj [kkus osQ fy, vkSj ek¡xrk gS tcfd dkj[+kkus esa dke djus okys ckO+kQh cPps Mj ls mls ns[kus yxrs gSa] vksfyoj V~foLV esa cuk fp=kA

scan-1b.tif

fp=k 7 -,feyh tksyk] fp=kdkj ,MoMZ ekus] 1868

ekus }kjk cuk, x, fp=k esa iz+Qkalhlh ys[kd viuh es”k osQ lkeus cSBs gSaA bl fp=k ls fdrkcksa osQ lkFk muosQ xgjs fj'rs dh >yd feyrh gSA

vius nwljs miU;klksa esa Hkh fMosQUl us vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj esa 'kgjh thou dh nqnZ'kk dk fp=k.k fd;kA mudk vksfyoj fV~oLV (1838) ,d ,sls vukFk dh dgkuh dgrk gS] ftls NksVs&eksVs vijkfèk;ksa vkSj fHk[kkfj;ksa dh nqfu;k esa jguk iM+kA ,d fueZe ooZQgkml ;k dke?kj (fp=k 6) esa iyus&c<+us osQ ckn vksfyoj dks varr% ,d vehj us xksn ys fy;k vkSj og lq[k ls jgus yxkA ij X+kjhcksa osQ thou ls tqM+k gj miU;kl ikBd dks lq[kkar dk vkuan ns ;g ”k:jh ugha FkkA ,d ;qok [kfud dh f”kanxh ij fyf[kr ,feyh ”kksyk dk tfeZuy (1885) [knku e”knwjksa osQ 'kkspuh; gkykr dk tk;”kk ysrk gSA bldk var nq[kn gS% uk;d ftl gM+rky dh vxqokbZ dj jgk gS] og vliQy jgrh gS vkSj mlosQ lkFk e”knwj mlosQ f[+kykI+kQ [kM+s gks tkrs gSa] vk'kk dh dksbZ fdj.k ugha fn[krhA


1-3 leqnk; o lekt

miU;klksa osQ ”;knkrj ikBd 'kgjksa esa jgrs FksA miU;klksa us muesa xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh fu;fr osQ lkFk tqM+us dk Hkko iSnk fd;kA felky osQ rkSj ij mUuhloha lnh osQ miU;kldkj VkWel gkMhZ us baXySaM osQ rs”kh ls X+kk;c gksrs nsgkrh leqnk;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kkA ;g ogh le; Fkk] tc cM+s fdlkuksa us viuh ”kehuksa dks ckM+kcan dj fy;k Fkk] vkSj e'khuksa ij e”knwj yxkdj mUgksaus ck”kkj osQ fy, mRiknu 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA gesa bl cnyko dk vglkl gkMhZ osQ es;j vkWI+kQ oSQLVjfczt (1886) dks i<+dj gksrk gSA ;g dgkuh ekbdy gsapMZ dh gS] tks igys vukt dk O;kikjh gksrk gS] vkSj fiQj oSQLVjfczt uked nsgkrh 'kgj dk es;j cuus esa liQy gks tkrk gSA og Lora=k fopkjksa dk O;fDr gS] vius gh rjhO+ksQ ls O;kikj djrk gSA ij vius deZpkfj;ksa osQ lkFk mldk joS;k vfuf'pr-dHkh csgn n;kyq] rks dHkh ,dne funZ;h-gksrk FkkA fygk”kk og vius izca/d o izfr}a}h] MkWuYM I+kQkjI+kzsQ osQ lkeus fVd ugha ikrkA I+kQkjI+kzsQ dh izca/u rduhd l{ke Fkh vkSj yksx ekurs Fks fd og gj fdlh osQ lkFk ,d&tSlk vkSj 'kkyhu crkZo djrk FkkA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd gkMhZ bl dgkuh esa ml X+kk;c gksrs oDr dk vI+kQlksl djrs gSa] ftlesa ,d rjg dk viukiu Fkk&gkyk¡fd mUgsa iqjkuh O;oLFkk dh [+kkfe;ksa vkSj u;h [+kwfc;ksa dk Hkh vglkl gSA


scan-6.tif

fp=k 8 -VkWel gkMhZ (1840&1928)

miU;kl vke yksxksa] tulk/kj.k] dh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky djrk gSA yksxksa dh vyx&vyx cksfy;ksa ls fudVrk cukdj miU;kl ,d jk"Vª osQ fofo/ leqnk;ksa dh lk>k nqfu;k jprk gSA bl rjg miU;kl Hkk"kk dh vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa ls Hkh lkexzh ysrs gSaA fdlh ,d gh miU;kl esa ,d lkFk 'kkL=kh; o lM+dNki Hkk"kk dks miU;kl dh viuh tuHkk"kk osQ lkFk feykdj is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vª dh gh rjg miU;kl Hkh dbZ laLo`Qfr;ksa dks ,d lkFk bdV~Bk djrk gSA

1-4 u;h efgyk

miU;kl ls lacaf/r lcls Hkyh ckr rks ;g gqbZ fd efgyk,¡ mlls tqM+haA vBkjgoha lnh esa eè;oxZ vkSj laiUu gq,A urhts esa efgykvksa dks miU;kl i<+us vkSj fy[kus dk vodk'k fey ldkA vr% miU;klksa esa efgyk txr dks] mldh Hkkoukvksa] mlosQ rtqcks±] elyksa vkSj mldh igpku ls tqM+s eqíksa dks le>k&ljkgk tkus yxkA

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tuHkk"kk (Vernacular) % vkSipkfjd] lkfgfR;d 'kSyh osQ ctk; lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kkA


scan-2a.jpg

fp=k 9 -i<+rh gqbZ yM+dh] T;k¡ jsuksvk (1841&1919) osQ }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=kA

mUuhloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs ;wjksih; fp=kksa esa [kkeks'kh ls cSBh vius vosQys dejs esa i<+rh vkSjrksa dh rlohjsa dkI+kQh fn[kkbZ nsus yxh gSaA

dbZ lkjs miU;kl ?kjsyw f”kanxh ij osaQfnzr FksA buesa efgykvksa dks vf/dkj osQ lkFk cksyus dk volj feykA vius vuqHkoksa dks vk/kj cukdj mUgksaus ikfjokfjd thou dh dgkfu;k¡ jprs gq, viuh lkoZtfud igpku cukbZA

06.tif

fp=k 10 -,d ysf[kdk dk ?kj] tkWtZ Øwd'kkad }kjk cuk;k fp=kA

tc vkSjrksa us miU;kl fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k rks cgqr lkjs yksxksa dks yxk fd os vc iRuh o ek¡ dh ijaijkxr Hkwfedkvksa dks ugha l¡Hkkyssaxh vkSj ?kj vLr&O;Lr gks tk,¡xsA

tsu vkWfLVu osQ miU;klksa esa gesa mUuhloha lnh osQ fczVsu osQ xzkeh.k oqQyhu lekt dh >k¡dh feyrh gSA gesa ,sls lekt osQ ckjs esa lkspus dh izsj.kk feyrh gS tgk¡ efgykvksa dks /uh ;k tk;nkn okys oj [kkstdj ^vPNh* 'kkfn;k¡ djus osQ fy, mRlkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA tsu vkWfLVu osQ miU;kl izkbM ,aM izsT;qfMl dh igyh iafDr ns[ksa% ^;g ,d loZLoho`Qr lR; gS fd dksbZ vosQyk vkneh vxj ekynkj gS rks mls ,d vnn choh dh ryk'k gksxhA* bl c;ku ls ge vkWfLVu osQ lekt dks le> ldrs gSa] fd muosQ miU;klksa dh vkSjrsa D;ksa ges'kk vPNh 'kknh vkSj iSls dh fI+kQjkO+kQ esa jgrh gSaA

scan-9.tif

fp=k 11 -tsu vkWfLVu (1775&1817)A

novel-1.tif

fp=k 12 -fookg vuqca/] fofy;e gksxkFkZ }kjk cuk;k fp=k (1697&1764)A

tSlk fd vki ns[k ldrs gSa fp=k osQ vxys fgLls esa cSBs nks vkneh 'kknh osQ djkjukes ij nLr[+kr dj jgs gSa tcfd vkSjr fdukjs cSBh jgrh gSA

ysfdu efgyk miU;kldkjksa us flI+kZQ x`gfLFku pfj=kksa dks gh yksdfiz; ugha cuk;kA gesa mudh o`Qfr;ksa esa vdlj ,slh vkSjrsa feyrh gSa tks lkekftd ekU;rkvksa dks ekuus osQ igys muls yM+rh gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ls ikfBdkvksa dks fonzksg djus dh izsj.kk vo'; feyh gksxhA 'kkjykWV czkW.V dh 1847 esa izdkf'kr tsu vk;j esa ;qorh tsu dks vk”kkn&[+k;ky vkSj n`<+ O;fDrRo okyk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;|fi ml nkSj dh efgykvksa dks [kkeks'k vkSj 'kkyhu jgus dk laLdkj fn;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu tsu nl lky dh mez esa gh cM+ksa osQ ik[kaM dk eq¡grksM+ tokc nsdj pkSadk nsrh gSA mlls ges'kk cqjk lqywd djus okyh viuh vkaV ls og dgrh gS% ^yksx vkidks usd vkSjr le>rs gSa] ysfdu gO+kQhO+kQr esa vki cqjh gSa--- vki 'kkfrj gSaA bl f”kanxh esa rks eSa vkidks vkaV ugha dgus okyhA*


1-5 ;qokvksa osQ fy, miU;kl

fd'kksjksa osQ fy, miU;klksa esa ,d u, rjg dk vkn'kZ iq#"k is'k fd;k x;k tks rkO+kQroj] n`<+] Lora=k vkSj lkglh FkkA ,sls ”;knkrj miU;klksa dh dFkkHkwfe ;wjksi ls nwj dgha ,slh txg ij gksrh Fkh] vkSj ?kVuk,¡ tks'k vkSj lkgl osQ dkjukeksa ls Hkjh gksrh FkhaA mifuos'k dh LFkkiuk djusokyksa dks uk;d dk lEeku fn;k tkrk Fkk] D;ksafd os vutku okrkoj.k esa nslh yksxksa ls tw> jgs Fks] nslh lekt osQ vuq:i [kqn dks <kyrs gq, mls Hkh cny jgs FksA os Hkw&Hkkxksa esa mifuos'k cukdj muesa jk"Vª fodflr dj jgs FksA bl fo/k dh fdrkcksa esa vkj-,y- LVhosalu dh Vªs”kj vkbySaM (1883) vkSj jM;kMZ fdifyax dh taxy cqd (1894) cgqr e'kgwj gqb±A

scan-7.tif

fp=k 13 & 'kkjykWV czkW.V (1816&1855)A

ckWDl 1


miU;kldkj vkSjrsa

tkWtZ bfy;V (1819&1880) dk vlyh uke esjh ,u bokUl FkkA tkWtZ bfy;V mudk ys[kdh; uke FkkA og izfl¼ miU;kldkj Fkha vkSj mudk ekuuk Fkk fd miU;klksa ls vkSjrksa dks [kqn dks LoNanrkiwoZd O;Dr djus dk volj feyrk gSA gj vkSjr lkfgR; fy[kus esa l{ke gksrh gSA

^dFkk ys[ku lkfgR; dh ,d ,slh 'kk[kk gS ftlesa vius <ax ls vkSjrsa enks± dh iwjh rjg cjkcjh dj ldrh gSA dksbZ 'kS{kf.kd cafn'k vkSjrksa dks dFkk ys[ku dh lkexzh ls oafpr ugha dj ldrh vkSj dyk dh ,slh dksbZ iztkfr ugha gS tks dM+h vko';drkvksa ls bruh vk”kkn gksA*

tkWtZ bfy;V] ^flyh ukWoYl ckbZ ysMh ukWOkfyLV*] 1856

fczrkuh lkezkT; osQ cksyckys osQ ”kekus esa th-,- gsaVh osQ ,sfrgkfld lkgfld miU;kl Hkh csgn yksdfiz; FksA muls vtuch bykO+kQksa ij fot; gkfly djus dk mRlkg vkSj gkSlys dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gksxkA budh i`"BHkwfe esfDldks] vysD”kakfMª;k] lk;csfj;k tSls vusd ns'kksa dh gksrh FkhA budh dgkfu;ksa esa vdlj ;qok yM+dksa dks ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk xokg cuk;k tkrk Fkk] mUgsa fdlh u fdlh lSfud dkjZokbZ esa Mkydj ^vaxzs”kh* fgEer dk ikB i<+k;k tkrk FkkA

ckWDl 2


th-,- gsaVh (1832&1902)A

vaMj MªsDl Ý+ySx (1883) esa nks ,sfy”kkcsfFk;kbZ ;qok jksekapdkjh ekSr osQ u”knhd igq¡p tkrs gSa ysfdu blosQ ckotwn bl ?keaM dks ugha NksM+rs fd os vaxzs”k gSaA

^ns[kks usM] fO+kQLer us gesa mEehn ls ”;knk lkFk fn;k gSA gks ldrk gS ge mlh fnu ej tkrs tc ge ;gk¡ igq¡ps Fks ysfdu geus rks eSnkuksa esa f'kdkj djrs Ng eghus e”ks ls fcrk fn,A vc ejuk gh gS rks ge vaxzs”kksa dh rjg vkSj bZlkb;ksa dh rjg crkZo djrs gq, ejsaxsA*

fd'kksfj;ksa osQ fy, fy[kh izse dgkfu;k¡ Hkh blh ”kekus esa] [+kklrkSj ij vesfjdk esa] yksdfiz; gqb±A gsysu gaV tSDlu o`Qr jeksuk (1884) vkSj lw”ku owQfyt osQ Nn~e uke ls fy[kus okyh lkjk pkSalh owY”kh dh lhjh”k àkV osQVh fMM (1872) us dkI+kQh uke dek;kA


1-6 mifuos'kokn osQ ckn

bl rjg ;wjksi esa miU;kl dk mn; ml le; gqvk tc og ckO+kQh fo'o ij vkSifuosf'kd O+kQC”kk tek jgk FkkA mifuos'kokn esa 'kq#vkrh miU;klksa dk ;ksxnku ;gh Fkk fd bUgksaus vius ikBdksa esa mifuos'kdksa osQ egku leqnk; dk fgLlk gksus dk vglkl HkjkA MSfu;y MsI+kQks o`Qr jkW¯clu ozwQlks (1719) dk uk;d lkgfld ;k=kh gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk nkl&O;kikjh gSA ,d }hi ij tgk”kh nq?kZVuk osQ ckn iM+k gqvk og X+kSj&xksjs yksxksa dks cjkcj dk bulku ugha cfYd vius ls ghurj tho ekurk gSA ,d ^nslh* dks eqDr djkdj mls og viuk X+kqyke cuk ysrk gSA og mlls mldk uke iwNuk Hkh ”k:jh ugha le>rk] cl viuh rjI+kQ ls mls izQkbMs dgrk gSA ij ml le; ozwQlks dk O;ogkj vekU; lk vlkekU; ugha le>k x;k] D;ksafd ml nkSj esa ”;knkrj ys[kd mifuos'kokn dks ,d lgt vkSj oqQnjrh ifj?kVuk ekurs FksA ftUgsa mifuos'kho`Qr ;k X+kqyke cuk;k x;k Fkk] mu yksxksa dks vkfnekuql] ccZj vkSj bulku ls derj ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj ;g Hkh fd mifuos'kokn mudks lH;] iw.kZ bulku cukus dk ”k:jh vkS”kkj FkkA dkI+kQh ckn] chloha lnh esa vkdj gh tksliQ dkWujSM (1857&1924) tSls ys[kdksa us vius miU;klksa esa vkSifuosf'kd X+kqykeh osQ L;kg i{k dks mtkxj fd;kA

ftUgsa X+kqyke cuk;k x;k Fkk] mudk fo'okl Fkk fd miU;kl us mUgsa viuh vfLerk] vius elyksa vkSj jk"Vªh; ljksdkjksa dks le>us dk ekSO+kQk fn;kA vkb, ns[ksa fd miU;kl Hkkjr esa oSQls vkSj dc yksdfiz; gqvk vkSj lekt osQ fy, bldk D;k egÙo jgk\


2 miU;kl Hkkjr vk;k

Hkkjr esa x| dFkk,¡ igys Hkh fy[kh tk jgh FkhaA felky osQ rkSj ij ck.kHkV~V us lkroha lnh esa laLo`Qr esa dknEcjh fy[kh FkhA iapra=k ,d vkSj e'kgwj mnkgj.k gSA blosQ vykok I+kQkjlh vkSj mnwZ esa Hkh lkgl] ohjrk vkSj prqjkbZ osQ fO+kQLlksa dh yach ijaijk Fkh] ftls nkLrku dgrs FksA

ysfdu ;s o`Qfr;k¡ ge vkt ftls miU;kl dgrs gSa] muls fHkUu FkhaA Hkkjr esa vk/qfud miU;kl dk fodkl mUuhloha lnh esa if'peh miU;kl ls Hkkjrh;ksa osQ ifjp; osQ ckn gqvkA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa] NikbZ] vkSj ikBd&oxZ osQ fodkl ls blesa dkI+kQh enn feyhA ;gk¡ osQ vkjafHkd miU;kl caxkyh vkSj ejkBh esa fy[ks x,A ejkBh dk igyk miU;kl ckck iÁ.kth dk ;equk i;ZVu (1857) Fkk] ftlesa fo/okvksa dh nqnZ'kk dks vk/kj cukdj lhèkh&lknh dgkuh cquh xbZ FkhA blosQ ckn y{e.k eksjs'oj gkYcs o`Qr eqDrekyk (1861) vk;kA ;g dksbZ ;FkkFkZoknh o`Qfr ugha Fkh] cfYd blosQ ”kfj, ,d ^:ekuh* dgkuh osQ dysoj esa uSfrd lh[k nsus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ vxz.kh miU;kldkjksa us fdlh u fdlh mís'; dks ysdj miU;kl jpsA mifuos'koknh 'kkldksa dks ml le; dh Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr derj u”kj vkrh FkhA ogha Hkkjrh; miU;kldkjksa us ns'k esa vkèkqfud lkfgR; dk fodkl djus osQ mís'; ls fy[kk-,slk lkfgR; tks yksxksa esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj mifuos'kh 'kkldksa ls cjkcjh dk vglkl txk losQA

ckWDl 3


lkjs ejkBh miU;kl ;FkkFkZoknh ugha FksA ukjks lnkf'ko ½Lcn us vius ejkBh miU;kl eatw?kks"k (1868) esa csgn lkSan;kZRed 'kSyh dk bLrseky fd;k FkkA bl miU;kl esa gSjrvaxs”k ?kVukvksa dh Hkjekj FkhA ½Lcn us tkucw> dj ;g 'kSyh pquh FkhA

mudk dguk Fkk-

^'kknh osQ izfr gekjs joS;s rFkk dbZ vU; dkj.kksa ls ¯gnqvksa dh ¯”knxh esa u rks fnypLi u”kfj, feyrs gSa vkSj u fnypLi ewY;---A vxj ge jks”kejkZ osQ rtqcks± osQ ckjs esa fy[ksa rks muesa dqN e”ksnkj ugha jgsxk] blfy, vxj gesa euksjatd fdrkc fy[kuh gS rks gesa cstksM+ ph”kkssa dks ysuk gh iM+sxkA*

fofHkUu {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miU;klksa osQ vuqokn ls miU;kl dh yksdfiz;rk rks c<+h gh] bldk dbZ vkSj bykO+kQksa esa fodkl Hkh gqvkA


2-1 nf{k.k Hkkjr esa miU;kl

nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh miU;kl vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku gh vkus yxs FksA dbZ 'kq#vkrh miU;kl rks vaxsz”kh miU;klksa osQ vuqokn osQ :i esa NisA felky osQ rkSj ij ekykcj osQ mi&U;k;k/h'k] vks- panw esuu us csatkfeu fM”jk;yh osQ miU;kl gsujh,Vk VsEiy dk ey;kye esa rtqZek (vuqokn) djus dh dksf'k'k dhA ysfdu mUgsa tYnh gh eglwl gqvk fd osQjy osQ muosQ ikB vaxzs”kh miU;klksa osQ pfj=kksa osQ jgu&lgu] muosQ diM+ksa] mudh cksypky] muosQ jLeks&fjokt ls okfdI+kQ ugha FksA mUgsa vaxzs”kh miU;klksa dk BsB vuqokn fugk;r mckmQ yxrkA blfy, mUgksaus vuqokn dk fopkj NksM+ fn;k vkSj ^vaxzs”kh miU;klksa dh r”kZ ij* ,d ey;kye dgkuh fy[khA banqys[kk (1889) uked ;g e”ksnkj miU;kl ey;kye dk igyk vkèkqfud miU;kl ekuk x;kA

chandu%20menon.jpg

fp=k 14 -pUnw esuu (1847&1899)A

vka/z izns'k dk ekeyk Hkh yxHkx ,slk gh jgkA dk.MqoqQjh ohjs'k¯yxe (1848&1919) us vksfyoj xksYMfLeFk osQ fodkj vkWI+kQ csdI+kQhYM dk rsyqxw vuqokn 'kq: fd;k ij mUgksaus Hkh oSls gh dkj.kksa ls ;g ;kstuk R;kx nh vkSj fiQj 1878 esa jkt'ks[kj pfjrew fy[kkA


2-2 fganh miU;kl

mÙkj esa vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; osQ iqjks/k] HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz] us viuh eaMyh osQ dfo;ksa o ys[kdksa dks nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa iqujZpuk vkSj vuqokn djus dks mRlkfgr fd;kA mudh izsj.kk ls dbZ lkjs miU;kl vaxzs”kh ;k caxkyh ls fganh esa ;k rks vuwfnr gq, ;k :ikarfjr] ysfdu fganh dk igyk miU;kl fy[kus dk Js; fnYyh osQ Jhfuokl nkl dks tkrk gSA

ijh{kk&xq# (1882) uked bl miU;kl esa [kq'kgky ifjokjksa osQ ;qokvksa dks cqjh lax&lksgcr osQ uSfrd [krjksa ls vkxkg fd;k x;kA

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fp=k 15 -fidfod ,czkWM dk ,d fp=kA

th-MCY;w-,e- jsukWYM~l }kjk fy[kh iqLrd fidfod ,czkWM ls fy;k x;k ,d fp=kA

jsukYM] ,iQ- ekj;ksu ØkI+kQksMZ vkSj esjh dksjsyh tSls mUuhloha lnh osQ NksVs vaxzs”k miU;kldkj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa cgqr e'kgwj FksA

muosQ miU;kl ,sfrgkfld izse dFkk] jksekapdkjh fO+kQLlksa vkSj luluh ij vk/kfjr gksrs FksA os ;gk¡ vklkuh ls miyC/ Fks mudk dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn vkSj ^:ikarj.k* fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr esa jsukYM dk fidfod ,czkWM (1839) pkYlZ fMosQUl osQ ewy miU;kl fidfod isilZ (1837) osQ eqO+kQkcys T;knk izfl¼ FkkA

ijh{kk&xq# ls uo&fufeZr eè;oxZ dh van:uh o ckgjh nqfu;k dk irk pyrk gSA miU;kl osQ pfj=kksa dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls O+kQne feykus esa oSQlh eqf'dysa vkrh gSa vkSj viuh lkaLo`Qfrd vfLerk dks ysdj os D;k lksprs gSa] ;g bl miU;kl dk dF; gSA vkSifuosf'kd vk/qfudrk dh nqfu;k mudks ,d lkFk Hk;kud vkSj vkd"kZd ekywe iM+rh gSA miU;kl ikBd dks thus osQ ^lgh rjhO+ksQ* crkrk gS] vkSj gj ^foosdoku* bulku ls ;g mEehn djrk gS fd os lekt&prqj vkSj O;kogkfjd cusa ij lkFk gh viuh laLo`Qfr vkSj ijaijk esa tes jgdj b””kr vkSj xfjek dh f”kanxh ft,¡A

ppkZ djsa

'kq#vkrh ¯gnh miU;kl dh nks vge fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esa fy[ksaA

miU;kl osQ fO+kQjnkj vius deZ ls nks vyx lalkjksa osQ chp dh nwjh ikVus dh dksf'k'k djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa% os u;h o`Qf"k rduhd viukrs gSa] O;kikj&deZ dks vk/qfud cukrs gSa] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx cnyrs gSa rkfd og ik'pkR; foKku vkSj Hkkjrh; cqf¼ nksuksa dks vfHkO;fDr djus esa l{ke gks losaQA ;qokvksa ls v[+kckj i<+us dh ^LoLFk vknr* Mkyus dh vihy dh tkrh gSA ysfdu miU;kl esa bl ckr ij ”kksj gS fd ;g lc eè;oxhZ x`gLFkh osQ ikjaifjd ewY;ksa ij le>kSrk fd, cxSj gksA viuh reke vPNh ea'kk osQ ckotwn ijh{kk&xq# cgqr ”;knk ikBd ugha tqVk ik;k] 'kk;n blfy, fd bldh 'kSyh oqQN vf/d mins'kkRed FkhA

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vle esa miU;kl

vle esa lcls 'kq#vkrh miU;kl fe'kufj;ksa us fy[ks FksA muesa ls nks dk caxkyh esa vuqokn fd;k x;k FkkA bu miU;klksa esa iwQye.kh vkSj d#.kk uked miU;kl Hkh 'kkfey FksA

1888 esa vlfe;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us dksydkrk esa vlfe;k Hkk"kkj mUufrlk/u uked laLFkk dk xBu fd;k vkSj tksudh osQ uke ls ,d if=kdk fudkyuh 'kq: dj nhA bl if=kdk osQ ”kfj, u, ys[kdksa dks miU;kl dh foèkk dks fodflr djus dk ekSO+kQk feykA jtuhdkark ckjnksysbZ us vle esa eukserh (1900) osQ uke ls igyk cM+k ,sfrgkfld miU;kl fy[kkA ;g miU;kl cehZ vfrØe.k osQ ckjs esa Fkk ftldh dgkfu;k¡ ys[kd us laHkor% mu iqjkus flikfg;ksa ls gh lquh gksxh tks 1819 osQ vfHk;ku esa fgLlk ys pqosQ FksA ;g ,d nwljs osQ nq'eu nks ifjokjksa ls laca/ j[kus okys nks izsfe;ksa dh dFkk gS tks ;q¼ osQ dkj.k fcNM+ tkrs gSa vkSj ckn esa nqckjk feyrs gSaA


¯gnh miU;kl dk ikBd&oxZ nsodh uanu [k=kh osQ ys[ku ls iSnk gqvkA ekuk tkrk gS fd mudh csLV&lsyj paædkUrk larfr & tks I+kaQrklh osQ rRoksa ls cquk gqvk :ekuh miU;kl Fkk & us ml le; osQ f'kf{kr rcO+kQksa esa ¯gnh Hkk"kk vkSj ukxjh fyfi dks yksdfç; cukus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA gkyk¡fd bls ek=k ^i<+us osQ e”ks* osQ fy, fy[kk x;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh blls blosQ ikBd&oxZ dh pkgr vkSj muosQ Hk; osQ ckjs esa Hkh fnypLi lqjkx feyrk gSA

çsepan osQ ys[ku osQ lkFk ¯gnh miU;kl esa mRÑ"Vrk vkbZA mnwZ ls fy[kuk 'kq: dj os ckn esa ¯gnh esa fy[kus yxs vkSj nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa esa mudk çHkko ”kcjnLr jgkA mUgksaus ikjaifjd fO+kQLlkxksbZ ls viuh 'kSyh osQ fy, çsj.kk yhA dbZ vkykspd ekurs gSa fd 1916 esa çdkf'kr muosQ miU;kl lsoklnu us ¯gnh miU;kl dks I+kQarklh] mins'k vkSj ljy euksjatu osQ nk;js ls mBkdj vke yksxksa dh ¯”knxh vkSj lkekftd ljksdkjksa ij fopkjusokyh fo/k cuk fn;kA bl miU;kl esa ewyr% efgykvksa dh nqjkoLFkk ij è;ku fn;k x;k gS] ij cky&fookg vkSj ngst tSls lkekftd elys Hkh mBk, x, gSaA lkFk gh blls gesa irk pyrk gS fd mPp oxZ us vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa ls Lo'kklu osQ tks Hkh FkksM+s&cgqr ekSO+ksQ feys] mudk mUgksaus fdl rjg bLrseky fd;kA


2-3 caxky esa miU;kl

mUuhloha lnh osQ caxky dk miU;kl nks lalkjksa esa thrk Fkk] oqQN rks Hkwrdky esa jgrs Fks] muosQ fOkQjnkj] ?kVuk,¡ vkSj çse dgkfu;k¡ ,sfrgkfld gksrh FkhaA tcfd ,d vkSj fO+kQLe osQ miU;kl lelkef;d efgykvksa dh ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij osaQfær FksA efgyk ?kjsyw miU;kl vkerkSj ij lkekftd leL;kvksa vkSj L=kh&iq#"k laca/ksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwers FksA

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fp=k 16 & y{ehukFk cs”kc#ok (1868&1938)

os vk/qfud vlfe;k lkfgR; osQ ,d ofj"B jpukdkj FksA cw<+h vkbj lk/q (nknh dh dgkfu;k¡) mudh mYys[kuh; fdrkcksa esa ls gSA mUgksaus vle dk yksdfiz; xhr ^vks eksj viquj ns'k* (vks esjh I;kjh Hkwfe) Hkh fy[kkA

dydÙkk dk iqjkuk O;kikjh oqQyhu oxZ laxhr vkSj u`R; lHkkvksa vkSj dkO;&çfr;ksfxrkvksa dks laj{k.k nsrkA blosQ cjDl u, Hkæyksd dks miU;kl dh nqfu;k ”;knk jkl vkbZ] mUgsa ,dkar esa i<+uk ”;knk Hkk;k] dHkh&dHkkj lewg esa Hkh miU;kl i<+s tkrs FksA cafde paæ pV~Vksikè;k; vius ?kj esa tk=kk dk vk;kstu djrs Fks vkSj mlesa iwjk ifjokj 'kjhd gksrk FkkA ysfdu muosQ vius dejs esa lkfgfR;d fe=k bdV~Bk gksdj lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa dks i<+dj mudk ewY;kadu djrs Fks] muij cgl&eqckfglk djrs FksA tc cafde us vius igys miU;kl] nqxsZ'kuafnuh (1865) dk ,sls gh ,d lewg esa ikB fd;k rks lHkk us nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nck yh fd caxkyh x| us fdruh tYnh ,slh mRÑ"Vrk gkfly dj yh Fkh!

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fp=k 17 -cafdepanz pV~Vksik/;k; (1838&1894)A

fdrkc ij cafde osQ gkFk n'kkZrs gSa fd ys[ku gh mudh lkekftd gSfl;r vkSj jlw[k dk vk/kj FkhA

miU;kl cgqr 'kh?kz caxky esa [kwc yksdfç; gks x;kA chloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs ljy Hkk"kk esa dgkuh dgus dh mudh O+kQkfcfy;r us 'kjn paæ pV~Vksikè;k; (1876&1938) dks caxky] ;k 'kk;n iwjs Hkkjr dk] lcls yksdfç; miU;kldkj cuk fn;kA

dFkkud esa jgL;&jksekap osQ mrkj&p<+ko dh iVqrk rks Fkh gh] mldh Hkk"kk Hkh fujkyh FkhA bldh x|&'kSyh vius vki esa vkuan dk lzksr cu xbZA 'kq:&'kq: esa caxkyh miU;klksa esa 'kgjh thou dh r”kZ ij cksypky dh 'kSyh dk bLrseky gqvkA lkFk gh] efgykvksa esa çpfyr cksyh es;syh dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;kA ;g 'kSyh tYn gh cny xbZ & cafde dh Hkk"kk laLÑrfu"B Fkh ij mlesa cksfy;ksa dk Hkh iqV FkkA

novel-2a.tif

fp=k 18 & eafnj vkSj cSBdA

nk,¡ fljs ij eafnj cuk gS tgk¡ ifjokj osQ yksx rFkk vU; yksx bd~VBk gksrs Fks tcfd ck,¡ fljs ij og cSBd gS ftlesa cafde vius dqN nksLrksa osQ lkFk u;h lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ij ppkZ fd;k djrs FksA è;ku nsa] ijaijkxr vkSj vk/qfud&nksuksa fO+kQLe dh txgsa ,d nwljs ls lVh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSaA ;g vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k cqf¼thfo;ksa dh [kafMr thou'kSyh dh vksj laosQr gSA

ckWDl 5


mfM+;k miU;kl

1877&78 esa ukVddkj jke'kadj jk; us lkSnkfeuh osQ uke ls igys mfM+;k miU;kl dk /kjkokfgd izdk'ku 'kq: fd;k yssfdu os bls iwjk ugha dj ik,A 30 lky osQ Hkhrj mM+hlk esa iQdhj eksgu lsukifr (1843&1918) osQ :i esa ,d cM+k miU;kldkj iSnk fd;kA muosQ ,d miU;kl dk uke N% ek.kks vkBkS xqaBkS (1902) Fkk ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & Ng ,dM+ vkSj cÙkhl xV~Bs ”kehuA bl miU;kl osQ lkFk ,d u, fO+kQLe osQ miU;kl dh /kjk 'kq: gqbZ tks ”kehu vkSj ml ij gO+kQ osQ loky ls tqM+h FkhA bl miU;kl esa jkepanz eaxjkt dh dgkuh gS tks ,d ”kehankj osQ eSustj dh ukSdjh djrk gSA ;g eSustj vius vkylh vkSj fi;DdM+ ekfyd dks Bxrk gS vkSj fu%lUrku cqudj ifr&iRuh Hkfx;k vkSj lkfj;k dh mitkÅ ”kehu dks gfFk;kus dh tqxr lksprk jgrk gSA eaxjkt cqudj naifr dks csodwiQ cukdj mUgsa O+kQ”ksZ esa nck ysrk gS ftlls ”kehu mldh gks tk,A ;g miU;kl ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvk vkSj blus lkfcr dj fn;k fd miU;kl osQ ”kfj, xzkeh.k eqn~nksa dks Hkh xgjh lksp dk vge fgLlk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g miU;kl fy[kdj iQdhj eksgu us caxky rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij cgqr lkjs ys[kdksa osQ fy, jkLrk [kksy fn;k FkkA


3 vkSifuosf'kd ”kekus esa miU;kl

vxj ge Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu bykO+kQksa esa miU;kl osQ fodkl dks X+kkSj ls ns[ksa rks gesa muesa dbZ lkjh {ks=kh; fo'ks"krk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsaxh] ij muesa ,d rjg dh lekurk vkSj ckj&ckj fn[kus okyk iSVuZ Hkh u”kj vk,xkA ys[kdksa dks miU;kl fy[kus dh çsj.kk dgk¡ ls feyrh Fkh\ mUgsa i<+rk dkSu Fkk\ i<+us dh laLÑfr fdl rjg fodflr gqbZ\ vkSifuosf'kd ifjos'k esa lkekftd ifjorZu ls miU;kl fdl rjg :&c&: gqvk\ miU;klksa us vius ikBdksa osQ fy, dkSu&ls u, txr [kksys\ bu lokyksa dk tokc nsus dh dksf'k'k djrs gq, ge ewy :i ls rhu vyx bykO+kQksa osQ bu rhu ys[kdksa osQ jpuk txr dks ns[ksaxs% panw esuu] cafde paæ pV~Vksikè;k; vkSj çsepanA


indira%20bai.jpg

fp=k 19 & miU;kl bafnjkckbZ dk vkoj.k i`"BA

mUuhloha lnh osQ var esa fy[kk x;k miU;kl bafnjkckbZ vkt Hkh yksdfiz; gS vksj mldk fu;fer :i ls iqueqZnz.k gks jgk gSA ;g gky gh osQ ,d laLdj.k dk vkoj.k i`"B gSA

 

3-1 miU;kl osQ bLrseky

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj dks miU;klksa esa nslh thou o jhfr&fjokt ls tqM+h tkudkjh dk cgqewY; lzksr u”kj vk;kA ukuk çdkj osQ leqnk;ksa o tkfr;ksa okys Hkkjrh; lekt ij 'kklu djus osQ fy, bl rjg dh tkudkjh mi;ksxh FkhA Hkkjrh; ?kjksa osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS] Hkyk mUgsa oSQls irk py ikrk\ ij Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ bu u, miU;klksa esa x`gLFkh dk foiqy o.kZu FkkA mUgsa i<+dj yksxksa osQ igukos&vks<+kos] iwtk&ikB] muosQ fo'okl vkSj vkpkj vkfn osQ ckjs esa lgt irk py ldrk FkkA buesa ls oqQN fdrkcksa dk rks vaxzs”kh vuqokn Hkh gqvk] ftldks vatke nsus okys vdlj ;k rks fczrkuh ç'kkld Fks] ;k bZlkbZ fe'kujhA

¯gnqLrkfu;ksa us miU;klksa dk bLrseky lekt esa tks mudh u”kj esa cqjkb;k¡ Fkha] mudh vkykspuk djus vkSj muosQ bykt lq>kus osQ fy, fd;kA ohjs'k¯yxe tSls ys[kdksa us miU;kl dk mi;ksx ewyr% vius fopkjksa dks ”;knk ls ”;knk yksxksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy, fd;kA

miU;klksa dh enn ls Hkwr osQ lkFk fj'rk Hkh O+kQk;e fd;k x;kA dbZ lkjs miU;kl iqjkus ”kekus dh 'kkS;Z vkSj lkf”k'k dh jksekapd dgkfu;k¡ FksA çkphu dky dk efgek&xk;u djosQ bu Ñfr;ksa us vius ikBdksa esa jk"Vªh; xkSjo dh Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;kA

ij ;g Hkh lgh gS dksbZ Hkh O;fDr miU;klksa dks i<+ ldrk Fkk] c'krsZ mls mldh Hkk"kk vkrh gksA bl rjg Hkk"kk osQ lk>k vk/kj ij ,d vyx fO+kQLe dh lkewfgdrk Hkh iSnk gqbZA

ckWDl 6


lq/kj dk lans'k

cgqr lkjs 'kq#vkrh miU;klksa esa lq/kjoknh lans'k lkI+kQ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1899 esa xqykoM+h osadVjko }kjk fy[ks x, dUuM+ miU;kl&bafnjkckbZ esa ukf;dk dks cgqr de mez esa ,d cw<+s ls C;kg fn;k tkrk gSA dqN gh le; esa mlosQ ifr dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj mls fo/ok dk thou thus dks foo'k fd;k tkrk gSA vius ifjokj vkSj lekt osQ fojks/ osQ ckotwn bafnjkckbZ viuh rkyhe tkjh j[krh gSA vkf[+kjdkj og nqckjk 'kknh djrh gSA bl ckj og ,d vaxzs”kh i<+s&fy[ks vkneh ls 'kknh djrh gSA ml le; dukZVd osQ lkekftd lq/kjdksa osQ lkeus efgyk f'k{kk] foèkokvksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj yM+fd;ksa osQ de mez esa fookg ls iSnk gksus okyh leL;kvksa ij dkI+kQh eaFku py jgk FkkA

vkius X+kkSj fd;k gksxk fd ,d gh bykO+ksQ osQ yksx vdlj ,d gh Hkk"kk dks vyx&vyx yg”ks esa cksyrs gSa&dHkh os ,d gh ph”k osQ fy, nwljs 'kCn bLrseky djrs gSa] rks dHkh mlh 'kCn dk vyx <ax ls mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA miU;kl osQ vkxeu osQ ckn bl rjg dh fofo/rk,¡ NikbZ dh nqfu;k esa igyh ckj nkf[+ky gqb±A miU;kl dk dkSu lk ik=k fdl rjg cksyrk gS] ;g mlosQ bykO+ksQ] oxZ ;k tkfr dk ifjpk;d cu x;kA bl çdkj miU;kl osQ ”kfj, yksx ;g tku ik, fd muosQ bykO+ksQ osQ gh yksx mudh Hkk"kk fdl rjg vyx <ax ls cksyrs gSaA

ckWDl 7

Ponniyin%20Celvan%202%20-%20Mar25-1951%5b1%5d.JPG

rfey Hkk"kk osQ lcls yksdfiz; ,sfrgkfld miU;kldkj vkj- Ñ".kewfrZ jgs gSa tks ^dfYd * osQ uke ls fy[krs FksA mUgksaus Lora=krk vkanksyu esa c<+p<+ dj fgLlk fy;k vkSj os izfl¼ rfey if=kdkvksa-vkuanfodVu vkSj dfYd osQ laiknd FksA ljy Hkk"kk esa fy[ks vkSj cgknqjh] jksekap] jgL; ls Hkjs miU;klksa us rfey Hkkf"k;ksa dh ,d iwjh ih<+h dks vius eksgik'k esa ck¡/ fy;kA



fp=k 20 & dfYd }kjk fyf[kr vkSj dfYd uked if=kdk esa /kjkokfgd izdkf'kr gq, miU;kl iksUuhf;u lsyou dk ,d iUuk] 1951

 

3-2 vk/qfud gksus dh leL;k,¡

dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ gksus osQ ckotwn miU;kl vdlj vius ikBdksa ls muosQ vlyh lalkj dh ckrsa djrsA ij ;g Hkh r; gS muesa nqfu;k dh vlfy;r oSlh gh ugha fn[kkbZ tkrh Fkh] tSlh og okO+kQbZ gSA dHkh&dHkh muesa nqfu;k oSQlh gksuh pkfg,] mldk vkn'kZ is'k fd;k tkrk FkkA lkekftd miU;kldkj cgq/k vkn'kZ uk;d&ukf;dk,¡ is'k djrs Fks] ftUgsa muosQ ikBd ljkg losaQ] ftudk os vuqlj.k dj losaQA ;s vkn'kZ xq.k Hkyk oSQls ifjHkkf"kr gksrs Fks\ vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ dbZ miU;klksa esa vkn'kZ O;fDr X+kqykeh osQ thou dh lcls vge nqfo/k dk liQyrkiwoZd fuokZg djrk gS% ijaijk dks R;kxs fcuk vk/qfud oSQls cusa\ if'pe ls vkus okys fopkjksa dks viuh igpku [kks, cxSj oSQls Lohdkjsa\

panw esuu dh banqys[kk osQ :i esa ftl ik=k dk l`tu fd;k] ml viwoZ lqanjh esa dbZ vn~Hkqr ckSf¼d vkSj dykRed çfrHkk,¡ Fkha] vkSj og laLÑr o vaxzs”kh i<+h gqbZ FkhA uk;d ek/ou Hkh vkn'kZ jax esa j¡xk x;k FkkA og eækl fo'ofo|ky; ls iSnk gq, u, vaxzs”kh&f'k{kk&çkIr uk;j oxZ dk lnL; FkkA lkFk gh og ^mPp dksfV dk laLÑrK* Hkh FkkA if'peh diM+s rks igurk Fkk] ij lkFk gh] uk;j jhfr osQ eqrkfcO+kQ yach pqfV;k Hkh j[krk FkkA

”;knkrj miU;kl osQ uk;d o ukf;dk,¡ vk/qfud nqfu;k dh iSnkb'k FksA bl rjg os Hkkjr osQ iqjkus ”kekus osQ feFkdh; vkn'kZ pfj=kksa ls vyx FksA vkSifuosf'kd ;qx esa vaxzs”kh&f'kf{kr oxZ dks ik'pkR; jgu&lgu vkSj fopkj vkd£"kr djrs FksA ij mUgsa bldk Hkh vans'kk Fkk fd if'peh ewY;ksa dks Fkksd&Hkko ls viuk ysus ij dgha mudh viuh ikjaifjd thou&'kSyh u u"V gks tk,A banqys[kk vkSj ek/ou tSls fO+kQjnkjksa us ikBdksa dks fn[kk;k fd oSQls Hkkjrh; vkSj fons'kh thou&'kSyh esa vkn'kZ rkyesy fcBk;k tk ldrk gSA


3-3 ikB dk vkuan

ckO+kQh nqfu;k dh rjg miU;kl Hkkjr esa Hkh eè;oxZ osQ euksjatu dk yksdfç; ekè;e cu x;kA fdrkcksa osQ pyu esa vkus osQ ckn yksxksa osQ gkFk eu&cgyko osQ u, rjhO+ksQ yx x,A lfp=k fdrkcsa] nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ls vuqokn] yksdfç; xkus] ftUgsa dHkh&dHkh lelkef;d ?kVukvksa osQ vk/kj ij jpk tkrk Fkk] ;s lc euksjatu osQ u, lk/u FksA ¯çV dh bl u;h laLÑfr esa miU;kl tYn gh egk&yksdfç; gks x,A

felky osQ rkSj ij rfey esa chloha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh n'kdksa esa miU;klksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZA ikBdksa ek¡x iwjh djus osQ fy, tklwlh vkSj jgL;kRed miU;kl dks rks dbZ nI+ksQ Nkiuk iM+rk Fkk&vkSj oqQNsd rks 22 ckj iqueqZfær gq,A

miU;kl dh enn ls yksxksa us ekSu jgdj i<+uk lh[kkA ge pqipki i<+us osQ ,sls vknh gks pqosQ gSa fd gekjs fy, ;g lkspuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tkrk gS fd igys osQ ”kekus esa ;g vke pyu ugha FkkA

scancover%20of%20kannada%20magazine.tif

fp=k 21 -dUuM+ if=kdk dFkkatfy dk vkoj.k i`"BA

dFkkatfy dk izdk'ku 1929 esa 'kq: gqvk vkSj mlesa fu;fer :i ls y?kqdFkk,¡ Nirh FkhaA bl rlohj esa ,d ek¡ vius cPpksa dks dgkuh i<+dj lquk jgh gSA

mUuhloha lnh osQ vkf[kj rd cfYd 'kk;n chloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr rd fyf[kr ikB cksy&cksy dj i<+k tkrk Fkk rkfd bdV~Bk yksx lqu losaQA dHkh&dHkh miU;kl Hkh ,sls gh i<+s tkrs jgs ij vkerkSj ij miU;kl vosQys esa vkSj [kkeks'k jgdj gh i<+s tkrsA ?kj esa vosQyk cSBk ;k jsyxkM+h esa lI+kQj djrk O;fDr miU;kl i<+us dk vkuan ys ldrk FkkA fdlh HkhM+&Hkjs dejs esa Hkh ikBd miU;kl dh nqfu;k eas Mwcdj lc&oqQN Hkwy ldrk FkkA bl rjg miU;kl i<+uk ,d fnokLoIu ns[kus tSlk FkkA


4 efgyk,¡ vkSj miU;kl

oqQN yksxksa dks ;g ¯prk lrkus yxh fd miU;kl dk yksxksa osQ ”ksgu ij D;k çHkko iM+sxk-D;ksafd ”;knkrj ikBd rks gO+kQhO+kQr dh nqfu;k ls ,sls dkYifud txr esa pys tkrs Fks] tgk¡ oqQN Hkh gks ldrk FkkA muesa ls oqQN us i=k&if=kdkvksa esa ys[k fy[kdj yksxksa ls vihy dh fd os miU;klksa osQ uSfrd nq"çHkko ls cpsaA ;g funsZ'k [+kklrkSj ij efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dks yf{kr Fkk % ekuk tkrk Fkk fd mUgsa cM+h vklkuh ls cgdk;k tk ldrk gSA

woman%20reading.tif

fp=k 22 -i<+rh gqbZ ,d vkSjr] lR;sUnz ukFk fc'kh }kjk cuk;k dk"B fp=kA

bl dk"B fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg vkSjrsa Hkh i<+us dk e”kk ysus yxh FkhaA mUuhloha lnh osQ var esa i<+rh gqbZ vkSjrksa dh Nfo;k¡ Hkkjr dh yksdfiz; if=kdkvksa esa vdlj fn[kkbZ nsus yxh FkhaA

oqQN ek¡&cki miU;klksa dks vius cPpksa dh igq¡p ls ckgj] elyu NTts ij fNikdj] j[krs FksA ;qok vdlj i<+us dk dke pksjh&fNis djrs FksA ysfdu ;g mRlkg flI+kZQ ;qokvksa rd lhfer ugha FkkA cM+h&cw<+h efgyk,¡ tks vkerkSj ij i<+h&fy[kh ugha Fkha] Hkh yksdfç; rfey miU;klksa dks vius iksrs&iksfr;ksa ls cM+h rYyhurk ls lqurh Fkha] tks fd nknh&ukuh dh dgkfu;ksa dh dgkor dk ,dne myV fO+kQLlk gqvkA

ysfdu efgyk,¡ iq#"kksa }kjk fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksa dh ikfBdk&ek=k cudj ugha jghaA oqQN Hkk"kkvksa esa mudh lcls 'kq#vkrh jpuk,¡ dfork,¡] ys[k ;k vkRedFkkRed c;ku FkhaA chloha lnh osQ vkjafHkd n'kdksa esa nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ysf[kdkvksa us miU;kl vkSj dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[kuh 'kq: dj nhaA efgykvksa osQ chp miU;kl dh yksdfç;rk dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd blls ukjhRo dh ,d u;h ifjdYiuk mHkjrh FkhA dbZ miU;klksa dh ewy dFkkud-çse&dgkfu;ksa-esa ,slh efgyk,¡ vkrh Fkha] tks vius lkFkh ;k fj'rs dks Lo;a pqu ldrh Fkha] ;k mUgsa vLohdkj ldrh FkhaA ;kuh buesa ,slh efgykvksa dk fp=k.k Fkk tks viuh ¯”knxh dh ekyfdu [kqn FkhaA oqQN ysf[kdkvksa us ,slh ukfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk ftUgksaus vkSjrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk enks± dh nqfu;k Hkh cny MkyhA

lzksr&d


vkSjrksa dks miU;kl D;ksa ugha i<+uk pkfg,

1927 esa izdkf'kr ,d rfey ys[k ,d va'k-

^fiz; cfPp;ks] bu miU;klksa dks i<+uk er] Nwuk Hkh ughaA rqEgkjh ¯”knxh rckg gks tk,xhA rqEgsa chekfj;k¡ vkSj O;kf/;k¡ ?ksj ysaxhA bZ'oj us rqEgsa D;ksa iSnk fd;k gS& bruh NksVh&lh mez esa HkVdus osQ fy,\ chekj iM+us osQ fy,\ vius Hkkb;ksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSj vklikl okyksa dh ?k`.kk dk ik=k cuus osQ fy,\ ughaA ughaA rqEgsa ek¡ cuuk gS] rqEgsa vPNh ¯”knxh pkfg,_ ;gh rqEgkjk nSoh mn~ns'; gSA rqEgsa bl mnkÙk mn~ns'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, tUe fy;k gS] D;k rqEgsa bu--- miU;klksa osQ ihNs ikxy gksdj viuh ¯”knxh cckZn dj nsuh pkfg,\*

fFk:-oh-dk- }kjk fyf[kr fuca/_ ,-vkj- osadVkpyifr }kjk vuwfnrA

jksoSQ;k gqlSu (1880&1932) lekt lq/kjd Fkha] ftUgksaus fo/ok gksus osQ ckn dydÙkk esa ,d ckfydk fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus vaxzs”kh esa lqYrkuk*”k Mªhe] 1905 (lqYrkuk dk LoIu) uked ,d O;aX;kRed I+kaQrklh fy[kh] ftlesa ml myV&iqyV Hkjh nqfu;k dh ckr dh xbZ tgk¡ efgykvksa us iq#"kksa dh txg ys yh gSA muosQ miU;kl in~ejkx us viuh fO+kQLer dk I+kSQlyk [kqn djosQ efgykvksa dh n'kk lq/kjus dk vkàku fd;kA

u, 'kCn


O;aX; % ys[ku] fp=kdkjh] js[kkadu vkfn osQ ekè;e ls fu:i.k dk ,d ,slk <ax ftlesa gkL;ijd vkSj prqj <ax ls lekt dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

gSjr dh ckr ugha fd dbZ lkjs enZ efgykvksa }kjk miU;kl fy[kus ;k i<+us osQ pyu dks 'kd dh u”kj ls ns[krs FksA 'kd djus okyksa esa gj leqnk; osQ yksx FksA bZlkbZ /eZçpkjd vkSj caxkyh osQ 'kk;n igys miU;kl d#.kk vks iwQyeuhj fccj.k (1852) dh ysf[kdk gkuk ewysUl vius ikBdksa dks crkrh gSa fd os xqIr :i ls fy[kk djrh FkhaA chloha lnh esa 'kSyckyk ?kks"k t;k blfy, fy[k ikb± D;ksafd mUgsa vius ifr dk laj{k.k çkIr FkkA tSlk fd gesa nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ n`"Vkar ls irk gS] ;gk¡ Hkh yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks i<+us ls fu#Rlkfgr fd;k tkrk Fkk A

ckWDl 8


fdrkcksa osQ lkFk vkSjrsa

^vktdy ge dkyh fdukjh okyh lkfM+;k¡ igus vkSj gkFkksa esa eksVh&eksVh fdrkcsa fy, vkSjrksa dks vius ?kj esa Vgyrs ns[krs gSaA muosQ gkFkksa esa vdlj fdrkcsa ns[kdj muosQ HkkbZ ;k ifr Hk;Hkhr gks tkrs gSa&dgha os fdlh 'kCn dk eryc u iwN ysaA*

lk/kj.kh] 1880


4-1 tkfr çFkk] ^fuEu tkfr;k¡* vkSj vYila[;d

vkidks irk gS fd banqys[kk ,d çse dgkuh FkhA ysfdu ;g ^mPp tkfr* dh ,d oSokfgd leL;k ls Hkh :&c&: Fkh ftl ij blosQ fy[ks tkus osQ oD+r okn&fookn py jgk FkkA uEcwnjh czkã.k ml le; osQjy osQ cM+s ”kehankj Fks vkSj uk;jksa dk ,d cM+k rcO+kQk muosQ jS;r@yxkunkj FksA vius vki /u v£tr dj vehj cus uk;jksa dh u;h ih<+h uk;j efgykvksa osQ lkFk uEcwnjh czkã.kksa osQ fj'rs ij vkifÙk trkus yxhA os pkgrs Fks fd 'kknh vkSj laifÙk dks ysdj u, O+kQkuwu cuk, tk,¡A

mallabar%20beauty.tif

fp=k 23 -ekykckj C;wVh] jfo oekZ dk fp=kA

pUnw esuu dk ekuuk Fkk fd miU;kl Hkh Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa lkeus vk jgs u, #>kuksa dh rjg gSaA

jktk jfo oekZ bl dky osQ lcls izeq[k rSy fp=kdkjksa esa Fks (1848&1906)A pUnw esuu us viuh ukf;dkvksa dk ftl rjg fp=k.k fd;k gS ml ij jfo oekZ osQ fp=kksa dk vlj Hkh gks ldrk gSA

bl fookn osQ vkyksd esa banqys[kk dks i<+uk dkI+kQh fnypLi gksxkA tks banqys[kk ls 'kknh osQ fy, vkusokys lwjh uEcwnjh uked csoowQI+kQ ”kehankj dks bl miU;kl osQ O;aX; dk f'kdkj cuk;k x;k gSA cqf¼eku ukf;dk mldks vLohdkj dj nsrh gS] vkSj i<+s&fy[ks] lqanj] uk;j ek/ou dks pqurh gS] fiQj ;qok naifr eækl vkdj jgrs gSa] tgk¡ ek/ou flfoy lsok esa ukSdjh djrk gSA lwjh uEcwnjh dks 'kknh dh rM+i Fkh] fygk”kk og mlh ifjokj dh ,d X+kjhc lacaèkh ls 'kknh jpk dj pyk tkrk gS] ;g lksprs gq, fd mlus banqys[kk ls gh 'kknh dh gSA panw esuu pkgrs gSa fd muosQ ikBd uk;d&ukf;dk }kjk viuk, x, u, ewY;ksa dks ljkgsa vkSj lwjh uEcwnjh osQ vuSfrd gFkdaMksa dh ¯unk djsaA

bafnjkckbZ vkSj banqys[kk tSls miU;kl mPp tkfr osQ miU;kldkjksa }kjk] ewy :i ls oSls gh pfj=kksa dks ysdj fy[ks x, FksA ysfdu lkjs miU;kl ,sls gh ugha FksA

mÙkjh osQjy dh ^fuEu* tkfr osQ ys[kd iksFksjh oqaQtkEcq us 1892 esa ljLorhfot;e uked miU;kl fy[kk] ftlesa tkfr&neu dh dM+h ¯unk dh xbZA bl miU;kl dk ^vNwr* uk;d czkã.k ”kehankj osQ ”kqYe ls cpus osQ fy, 'kgj Hkkx tkrk gSA og bZlkbZ /eZ viuk ysrk gS] i<+&fy[kdj tt cudj] LFkkuh; dpgjh esa okil vkrk gSA blh chp xk¡o okys ;g lkspdj fd ”kehankj us mldh gR;k dj nh gS] vnkyr esa eqO+kQnek dj nsrs gSaA ekeys dh lquokbZ osQ vkf[+kj esa tt viuh vlyh igpku [kksyrk gS vkSj uEcwnjh dks vius fd, ij i'pkrki gksrk gS] og lq/j tkrk gSA bl rjg ljLorhfot;e fuEu tkfr osQ yksxksa dh rjDO+kQh osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA

caxky esa Hkh 1920 osQ vklikl ,d u;h fO+kQLe osQ miU;kl dk vkuk gqvk ftuesa fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa ls tqM+s elys mBk, x,A v}Sr eYyk ceZu (1914&51) us rhrk'k ,dVh unhj uke (1956) osQ :i esa rhrk'k unh esa eNyh ekjdj thusokys eYykgksa osQ thou ij ,d egkdkO;kRed miU;kl fy[kkA blesa eYykgksa dh rhu ihf<+;ksa dh] mudh lrr =kklfn;ksa dh vkSj viuh lqgkxjkr dks gh ,d&nwljs ls fcNqM+ x, ek¡&cki osQ csVs vuar dh dgkfu;k¡ gSaA vuar viuh fcjknjh dks NksM+dj 'kgj vkdj i<+kbZ djrk gSA miU;kl esa eYykgksa osQ lkeqnkf;d thou dk] muosQ gksyh vkSj dkyh iwtk mRloksa dk] ukSdk&nkSM+] HkfV;kyh xkuksa] fdlkuksa ls muosQ fj'rs] nksLrh&nq'euh vkSj mPp tkfr;ksa osQ lkFk lkFk mudh oSeuL;rk dk fo'kn o.kZu gSA ij /hjs&/hjs 'kgj ls vkrs lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa osQ ncko esa leqnk; esa njkj iM+ tkrh gS] eYykg vkil esa yM+us yxrs gSaA leqnk; vkSj unh osQ chp cM+k u”knhdh vkilh laca/ gSA mudk var Hkh lkFk&lkFk gksrk gS-T;ksa&T;ksa unh lw[krh gS] leqnk; ejrk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd ceZu ls igys osQ miU;kldkjksa us Hkh ^fuEu* tkfr osQ fO+kQjnkj jps Fks ij rhrk'k blfy, [+kkl gS pw¡fd ys[kd [kqn ^fuEu* tkfr osQ eYykg leqnk; osQ FksA

scan0004.tif

fp=k 24 -fdrkcsa l¡Hkkys c'khjA

ys[kd osQ rkSj ij vius 'kq#vkrh lkyksa esa c'khj dks viuh fdrkcksa osQ lgkjs jks”kh&jksVh pykus esa Hkkjh ijs'kkuh is'k vkbZA os [kqn viuh fdrkcsa ?kjksa vkSj nqdkuksa esa tkdj csprs FksA c'khj us viuh dqN dgkfu;ksa esa mu fnuksa dk Hkh f”kØ fd;k gS tc os viuh gh fdrkcksa dks ?kwe&?kwedj csprs FksA

oD+r osQ lkFk miU;kl&ekè;e esa ,sls leqnk;ksa dks LFkku feyus yxk tks lkfgfR;d ifjn`'; ij vc rd u”kj ugha vk, FksA felky osQ rkSj ij oSdkse eqgEen c'khj (1908&94) ey;kye esa e'kgwj gksusokys 'kq#vkrh eqfLye miU;kldkjksa esa ls ,d FksA 

c'khj dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ugha osQ cjkcj gqbZ FkhA mudh ”;knkrj Ñfr;k¡ muosQ vius vuqHkoksa] u fd i<+h gqbZ fdrkcksa] ij vk/kfjr FkhaA ik¡p lky dh mez esa LowQy dh i<+kbZ djrs le; mUgksaus ued lR;kxzg esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, ?kj NksM+ fn;kA ckn esa lkyksa rd og Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa ?kwers jgs] fiQj vjc x,] tgk”k ij dke fd;k] lwI+kQh vkSj ¯gnw laU;kfl;ksa dh lksgcr dh] igyokuh Hkh lh[khA

c'khj dh miU;kfldk,¡ vkSj dgkfu;k¡ vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa fy[kh xbZ FkhaA c'khj osQ miU;kl eqfLye ?kjksa dh jks”kkuk dh ¯”knxh dks pqVhys vank”k esa c;ku djrs FksA vius ys[ku esa mUgksaus X+kjhc] ikxyiu] vkSj canh thou ij ,sls dFkkud jps tks ey;kye esa ml le; vke ugha FksA


5 jk"Vª vkSj mldk bfrgkl

vkSifuosf'kd bfrgkldkjksa }kjk fy[ks x, bfrgkl esa ¯gnqLrkfu;ksa dks vkerkSj ij de”kksj] vkil esa foHkkftr vkSj vaxzs”kksa ij fuHkZj crk;k tkrk FkkA bl bfrgkl ls Hkkjr osQ u, ç'kkldksa vkSj ckSf¼dksa dks vlarks"k gksuk ykf”keh FkkA u gh mudk fo'okl lqjksa&vlqjksa osQ gSjrvaxs”k vkSj vaèkfo'oklh dkjukeksa o fdjnkjksa ls iVh ikjaifjd ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa ij te ldrk FkkA ,sls ekul dks Hkwr osQ ,d u, n`f"Vdks.k dh njdkj Fkh] os ;g trkuk pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh; Lora=k psruk okys Fks] vkSj bfrgkl esa Hkh vk”kkn&[+k;ky jgs FksA mUgsa miU;kl us ,d vPNk lek/ku eqgS;k djk;kA blesa jk"Vª Hkwrdky esa dfYir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] vkSj bl rjg vrhr esa ,sfrgkfld pfj=k vkSj LFkku] ?kVuk,¡ vkSj rkjh[+k gks ldrh FkhaA

caxky esa dbZ lkjs miU;kl ejkBksa o jktiwrksa dks ysdj fy[ks x,A buls vf[ky&Hkkjrh;rk dk vglkl iSnk gqvkA muesa dfYir jk"Vª :ekuh lkgl] ohjrk] vkSj R;kx ls vksr&çksr FkkA ;s ,sls xq.k Fks ftUgsa mUuhloha lnh osQ nÝ+rjksa vkSj lM+dksa ij ikuk eqf'dy FkkA bl rjg miU;kl esa X+kqyke turk us viuh pkgr dks lkdkj djus dk ”kfj;k <w¡<+kA Hkwnsc eq[kksikè;k; (1827&94) Ñr v¡xqfj;k fcfuekW; (1857) caxky esa fy[kk tkus okyk igyk ,sfrgkfld miU;kl FkkA blosQ uk;d f'kokth /wrZ vkSj oqQfVy vkSjax”ksc ls dbZ ckj yksgk ysrs gSaA eku ¯lg f'kokth dks 'kkafr&le>kSrk osQ fy, vkxzg djrs gSaA ysfdu ;g le>us osQ ckn fd vkSjax”ksc mUgsa u”kjcan djuk pkgrk gS] f'kokth Hkkx fudyrs gSa vkSj fiQj ls tax osQ eSnku esa u”kj vkrs gSaA muosQ lkgl vkSj thou dk çsj.kkÏksr ;g fo'okl gS fd os ¯gnqvksa dh vk”kknh osQ fy, yM+ jgs jk"Vªoknh gSaA

miU;kl esa dfYir jk"Vª esa bruh rkO+kQr Fkh fd blls çsfjr gksdj vlyh jktuhfrd vkanksyu mB [kM+s gq,A cafde dk vkuaneB (1882) eqlyekuksa ls yM+dj ¯gnw lkezkT; LFkkfir djus okys ¯gnw lSU;&laxBu dh dgkuh dgrk gSA bl ,d miU;kl us rjg&rjg osQ Lora=krk&lsukfu;ksa dks çsfjr fd;kA

chemmeen%20film.jpg

fp=k 25 -psEehu fI+kQYe dk n`';A

cgqr lkjs miU;klksa ij fI+kQYesa cuhA rd"kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS (1912&99) }kjk fyf[kr miU;kl psEehu (>haxk] 1956) osQjy osQ eNqvkjk leqnk; dh i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj mlosQ ik=k ey;kye dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa ckr djrs gSaA jkew dj;kr osQ funsZ'ku esa psEehu fI+kQYe 1965 esa cukbZ xbZA

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fp=k 26 -dUuM+ fI+kQYe pksekuk nqnh dk ,d n`'; (pksek dk <ksy] funsZ'kd ch-oh- dkjar] 1975)A

;g fI+kQYe 1930 esa izfl¼ dUuM+ miU;kldkj f'kojke dkjar (1902&1997) }kjk fy[ks x, blh uke osQ miU;kl ij vk/kfjr gSA


buesa ls oqQN miU;kl gesa jk"Vª osQ ckjs esa ,d vkSj rjg ls lkspus dks etcwj djrs gSaA D;k Hkkjr dks flI+kZQ ,d /k£ed leqnk; dk gksuk Fkk\ fdu yksxksa osQ ikl bl jk"Vª osQ oklh gksus dk O+kqQnjrh nkok Fkk\


5-1 miU;kl vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k

lkgl vkSj 'kkS;Z'kkyh vrhr osQ vkg~oku osQ ”kfj, miU;kl dks ,d lk>s jk"Vª osQ vglkl dks yksdfç; cukus esa enn feyhA lk>k lekt fn[kkus dk ,d vkSj rjhdk ;g Fkk fd miU;kl esa gj rcO+ksQ ;k oxZ osQ pfj=k x<+s tk,¡A çsepan osQ miU;klksa esa lekt osQ gj Lrj ls vk, ukukfo/ 'kfDr'kkyh pfj=k gSaA ogk¡ vkidks ,d rjI+kQ ”kehankj vkSj uokc feysaxs rks nwljh rjI+kQ fdlku vkSj Hkwfeghu e”knwj] eè;oxZ osQ ukSdjh&is'kk yksx feysaxs rks lekt osQ gkf'k, ij iM+s bulku HkhA mudh efgyk,¡-[+kklrkSj ij fupys oxZ dh X+kSj&vk/qfud vkSjrsa-Hkh rkO+kQroj O;fDrRo dh ekyfdu gSaA vius dbZ nhxj ledkyhuksa osQ foijhr] çsepan us çkphu bfrgkl ls eksg ls ijgs”k fd;kA muosQ miU;klksa esa vrhr osQ egÙo dks u Hkwyrs gq, Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kus dh igy fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

lekt osQ fofHkUu rcO+kQksa ls vkrs iszepan osQ ik=k tuoknh ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr lekt cukrs fn[krs gSaA jaxHkwfe dk osQaæh; pfj=k] lwjnkl] rFkkdfFkr vNwr tkfr dk T;ksfrghu fHk[kkjh gSA bl rjg osQ ^uk;d* dk p;u vius vki esa [+kkl ckr gSA lans'k ;g gS fd lcls ncs&oqQpys&lrk, yksx Hkh lkfgfR;d jpuk osQ fo"k; gks ldrs gSaA ge lwjnkl dks rEckowQ I+kSQDVªh osQ fy, O+kQC”ks ls viuh ”kehu dks cpkus osQ fy, la?k"kZjr ikrs gSaA dgkuh i<+rs&i<+rs gesa lekt vkSj vke yksxksa osQ thou ij vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ vlj osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxrs gSaA blls njvly fdldk I+kQk;nk gksrk gS\ D;k blosQ fgr esa thus osQ vU; rjhO+kQksa dh cfy nsuk ”k:jh gS\ lwjnkl dh dgkuh osQ lzksr egkRek xk¡/h osQ O;fDrRo vkSj fopkjksa esa [kksts tk ldrs gSaA

xksnku (1936) çsepan dh lcls e'kgwj Ñfr gSA ;g Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ij fy[kk x;k egku miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl esa fdlku gksjh vkSj mldh choh èkfu;k dh dgkuh gSA lekt esa lÙkk osQ ekfyd yksx-”kehankj] egktu] iqtkjh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgh-mUgsa vius neu osQ nq"pØ esa ,slk iQk¡lrs gSa fd os Hkwfeghu e”knwj cu tkrs gSaA ij lcosQ ckotwn gksjh vkSj /fu;k vkf[+kj rd viuh xfjek cuk, j[krs gSaA

ckWDl 9


cafde dh e`R;q osQ ckn jchUnzukFk VSxksj (1861&1941) us caxyk miU;kl dks vkSj fodflr fd;kA muosQ 'kq#vkrh miU;kl ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kfjr gksrs FksA ckn esa os ?kjsyw laca/ksa osQ ckjs esa dgkfu;k¡ fy[kus yxsA VSxksj eq[; :i ls vkSjrksa dh gkyr vkSj jk"Vªokn ij fy[krs gSaA mudh ;s nksuksa ¯prk,¡ ?kjs ck;js (1916) esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa ftldk 1919 esa vaxzs”kh esa n gkse ,.M n oYMZ osQ uke ls vuqokn fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d mnkjoknh ”kehankj fuf[kys'k dh iRuh fceyk dh dgkuh gSA fuf[kys'k dks yxrk gS fd og vius ns'k osQ X+kjhc vkSj gkf'k;kbZ yksxksa dh ¯”knxh esa lq/kj ykdj ns'k dks cpk ldrk gSA ysfdu fceyk vius ifr osQ nksLr lanhi dh vksj vkdf"kZr gS tks pjeiaFkh fopkjksa esa fo'okl j[krk gSA lanhi vaxzs”kksa dks m[kkM+ isaQdus osQ m|e esa bruk [kks;k gqvk gS fd mls ^fupyh* tkfr;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh csxkuxh osQ vllkl ls Hkh dksbZ fnD+O+kQr ugha gSA lanhi dh Vksyh esa 'kkfey gksdj fceyk osQ Hkhrj vkReegÙo vkSj LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk tkx mBrh gSA jchUnzukFk us vkSjrksa osQ fy, jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ vUrfoZjks/h izHkkoksa dks Hkh n'kkZ;k gSA Vksyh osQ ;qok lnL; fceyk dh Hkys gh rkjhI+kQ djrs gksa ysfdu blosQ ckotwn og muosQ I+kSQlyksa dks izHkkfor ugha dj ldrhA oLrqr% lanhi vkanksyu osQ fy, pank bdV~Bk djus esa mldk bLrseky gh djrk gSA VSxksj osQ miU;kl blfy, è;ku [khaprs gSa D;ksafd mudks i<+dj ge vkSjr&enZ osQ fj'rksa vkSj jk"Vªokn nksuksa osQ ckjs esa] iqufoZpkj dks ckè; gks tkrs gSaA


fu"d"kZ

premchand%20photo.tif

geus ns[kk fd vius bfrgkl esa miU;kl fdl rjg if'pe vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa txgksa ij fofHkUu rcO+kQksa osQ yksxksa dh ¯”knxh dk vge fgLlk cu tkrk gSA NikbZ dh rduhd esa fodkl osQ pyrs ;g vius NksVs ikBd&oxZ ls ckgj fudyrk gqvk iBu osQ u, rjhO+ksQ lq>krk gSA miU;klksa us ,sls yksxksa dh dgkfu;k¡ x<+ha] ftuosQ ckjs esa vkerkSj ij f'kf{kr o eèoxhZ; lekt osQ chp tkudkjh ugha osQ cjkcj FkhA geus çsepan osQ gokys ls oqQN ,slh felkysa ns[kha] ysfdu ;s mnkgj.k nwljs miU;kldkjksa esa Hkh ekStwn gSaA


fp=k 27 -izsepan (1880-1936)A


xfrfof/

xksnku dks i<+saA la{ksi esa fy[ksa-

▸ miU;kl esa izsepan us fdlkuksa dh ¯”knxh dk fdl rjg o.kZu fd;k gSA

▸ egkeanh osQ le; fdlkuksa dh ¯”knxh oSQlh Fkh] blosQ ckjs esa miU;kl gesa D;k crkrk gSA

fHkUu&fHkUu i`"BHkwfe osQ yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ykus ij ,d lk>k lkeqnkf;d le> curh gSA ,sls leqnk; dk lcls X+kkSjryc :i jk"Vª dk gSA ;g ckr Hkh mruh gh vge gS fd rkO+kQroj vkSj de”kksj nksuksa rjg osQ yksxksa o laLÑfr;ksa dks lkFk ykdj miU;kl bu leqnk;ksa dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa cgqr lkjs loky [kM+s djrk gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd miU;kl lk>siu dk ,d vglkl iSnk djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh vyx&vyx rjg osQ yksxksa] leqnk;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk cks/ djkrk gSA lkFk gh fofHkUu lewgksa osQ yksx ftl rjg viuh igpku ij lksprs gq,] ml ij loky mBkrs gSa] miU;kl gesa bldk Hkh vank”kk nsrk gSA


la{ksi esa fy[ksa

1 budh O;k[;k djsa-

(d) fczVsu esa vk, lkekftd cnykoksa ls ikfBdkvksa dh la[;k esa b”kkI+kQk gqvkA

([k) jkfcUlu Øwlks osQ os dkSu&ls ÑR; gSa] ftuosQ dkj.k og gesa BsB mifuos'kdkj fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA

(x) 1740 osQ ckn X+kjhc yksx Hkh miU;kl i<+us yxsA

(?k) vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr osQ miU;kldkj ,d jktuSfrd mn~ns'; osQ fy, fy[k jgs FksA

2- rduhd vkSj lekt esa vk, mu cnykoksa osQ ckjs esa crykb, ftuosQ pyrs vBkjgoha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa miU;kl i<+us okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA

3- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fy[ksa-

(d) mfM+;k miU;kl

([k) tsu vkWfLVu }kjk vkSjrksa dk fp=k.k

(x) miU;kl ijh{kk&xq# esa n'kkZ;h xbZ u, eè;oxZ dh rlohj


ppkZ djsa

1- mUuhloha lnh osQ fczVsu esa vk, ,sls dqN lkekftd cnykoksa dh ppkZ djsa ftuosQ ckjs esa VkWel gkMhZ vkSj pkYlZ fMosQUl us fy[kk gSA

2- mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi vkSj Hkkjr] nksuksa txg miU;kl i<+us okyh vkSjrksa osQ ckjs esa tks ¯prk iSnk gqbZ mls la{ksi esa fy[ksaA bu ¯prkvksa ls bl ckjs esa D;k irk pyrk gS fd ml le; vkSjrksa dks fdl rjg ns[kk tkrk Fkk\

3- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa miU;kl fdl rjg mifuos'kdkjksa vkSj jk"Vªokfn;ksa] nksuksa osQ fy, ykHknk;d Fkk\

4- bl ckjs esa crk,¡ fd gekjs ns'k esa miU;klksa esa tkfr osQ eqn~ns dks fdl rjg mBk;k x;kA fdUghsa nks miU;klksa dk mnkgj.k nsa vkSj crk,¡ fd mUgksaus ikBdksa dks ekStwnk lkekftd eqn~nksa osQ ckjs esa lkspus dks izsfjr djus osQ fy, D;k iz;kl fd,A

5- crkb, fd Hkkjrh; miU;klksa esa ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; tqM+ko dk vglkl iSnk djus osQ fy, fdl rjg dh dksf'k'ksa dh xb±A


ifj;kstuk dk;Z

dYiuk dhft, fd vki lu~ 3035 osQ bfrgkldkj gSaA vHkh vkius nks ,sls miU;kl ns[ks gSa tks chloha lnh esa fy[ks x, FksA mu miU;klksa ls vkidks ml ”kekus osQ lekt vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ckjs esa D;k irk pyrk gS\