The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey, and there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor.

1. In order to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

2. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of united mass action.

This took the form of the Khilafat movement.