Reduce the following equations to the normal form and find p and α in each case :

x – 3 = 0

Given: x – 3 = 0


Explanation:


x = 3


x + 0 × y = 3



Dividing both sides by


x + 0 × y = 3


Hence, the normal form of the given line, where p = 3, cosα = 1 and sin α = 0


α = 0


2