Table of Contents
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
(1886&1964)
1886 esa >k¡lh osQ djhc fpjxk¡o eas tUes eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vius thoudky esa gh jk"Vªdfo osQ :i eas fo[;kr gq,A budh f'k{kk&nh{kk ?kj ij gh gqbZA laLÑr] ckaXyk] ejkBh vkSj vaxzs”kh ij budk leku vfèkdkj FkkA
xqIr th jkeHkDr dfo gSaA jke dk dhfrZxku budh fpjlafpr vfHkyk"kk jghA bUgksaus Hkkjrh; thou dks lexzrk esa le>us vkSj izLrqr djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;kA
xqIr th dh dfork dh Hkk"kk fo'kq¼ [kM+h cksyh gSA Hkk"kk ij laLÑr dk izHkko gSA dkO; dh dFkkoLrq Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ,sls va'kksa ls yh xbZ gS tks Hkkjr osQ vrhr dk Lo.kZ fp=k ikBd osQ lkeus mifLFkr djrs gSaA
xqIr th dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSalkosQr] ;'kksèkjk] t;nzFk oèkA
xqIr th osQ firk lsB jkepj.k nkl Hkh dfo Fks vkSj buosQ NksVs HkkbZ fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr Hkh izfl¼ dfo gq,A
izÑfr osQ vU; izkf.k;ksa dh rqyuk esa euq"; esa psruk&'kfDr dh izcyrk gksrh gh gSA og vius gh ugha vkSjksa osQ fgrkfgr dk Hkh [k;ky j[kus esa] vkSjksa osQ fy, Hkh oqQN dj ldus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA i'kq pjkxkg esa tkrs gSa] vius&vius fgLls dk pj vkrs gSa] ij euq"; ,slk ugha djrkA og tks dekrk gS] tks Hkh oqQN mRikfnr djrk gS] og vkSjksa osQ fy, Hkh djrk gS] vkSjksa osQ lg;ksx ls djrk gSA
izLrqr ikB dk dfo viuksa osQ fy, thus&ejus okyksa dks euq"; rks ekurk gS ysfdu ;g ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gS fd ,sls euq";ksa esa euq";rk osQ iwjs&iwjs y{k.k Hkh gSaA og rks mu euq";ksa dks gh egku ekusxk ftuesa vius vkSj viuksa osQ fgr ¯pru ls dgha igys vkSj loksZifj nwljksa dk fgr ¯pru gksA mlesa os xq.k gksa ftuosQ dkj.k dksbZ euq"; bl e`R;qyksd ls xeu dj tkus osQ ckotwn ;qxksa rd vkSjksa dh ;knksa esa Hkh cuk jg ikrk gSA mldh e`R;q Hkh lqe`R;q gks tkrh gSA vkf[kj D;k gSa os xq.k\
euq";rk
fopkj yks fd eR;Z gks u e`R;q ls Mjks dHkh]
ejks] ijarq ;ksa ejks fd ;kn tks djsa lHkhA
gqbZ u ;ksa lqe`R;q rks o`Fkk ejs] o`Fkk ft,]
ejk ugha ogh fd tks ft;k u vkiosQ fy,A
ogh i'kq&izo`fÙk gS fd vki vki gh pjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
mlh mnkj dh dFkk ljLorh c[kkurh]
mlh mnkj ls èkjk ÑrkFkZ Hkko ekurhA
mlh mnkj dh lnk ltho dhfrZ owQtrh_
rFkk mlh mnkj dks leLr l`f"V iwtrhA
v[kaM vkRe Hkko tks vlhe fo'o esa Hkjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
{kqèkkrZ jafrnso us fn;k djLFk Fkky Hkh]
rFkk nèkhfp us fn;k ijkFkZ vfLFktky HkhA
m'khuj f{krh'k us Loekal nku Hkh fd;k]
lg"kZ ohj d.kZ us 'kjhj&peZ Hkh fn;kA
vfuR; nsg osQ fy, vukfn tho D;k Mjs\
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_
o'khÑrk lnSo gS cuh gqbZ Lo;a eghA
fojQ¼okn cq¼ dk n;k&izokg esa cgk]
fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\
vgk! ogh mnkj gS ijksidkj tks djs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkaèk rqPN foÙk esa]
lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpÙk esaA
vukFk dkSu gS ;gk¡\ f=kyksdukFk lkFk gSa]
n;kyq nhucaèkq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSaA
vrho HkkX;ghu gS vèkhj Hkko tks djs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
vuar varfj{k esa vuar nso gSa [kM+s]
le{k gh Lockgq tks c<+k jgs cM+s&cM+sA
ijLijkoyac ls mBks rFkk c<+ks lHkh]
vHkh veR;Z&vad esa viad gks p<+ks lHkhA
jgks u ;kas fd ,d ls u dke vkSj dk ljs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
^euq"; ek=k caèkq gS* ;gh cM+k foosd gS]
iqjk.kiqjQ"k Lo;aHkw firk izfl¼ ,d gSA
iQykuqlkj deZ osQ vo'; cká Hksn gSa]
ijarq varjSD; esa izek.kHkwr osn gSaA
vuFkZ gS fd caèkq gh u caèkq dh O;Fkk gjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
pyks vHkh"V ekxZ esa lg"kZ [ksyrs gq,]
foifÙk] fo?u tks iMs+sa mUgsa <osQyrs gq,A
?kVs u gsyesy gk¡] c<+s u fHkUurk dHkh]
vroZQ ,d iaFk osQ lroZQ iaFk gkas lHkhA
rHkh leFkZ Hkko gS fd rkjrk gqvk rjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mÙkj nhft,
1- dfo us oSQlh e`R;q dks lqe`R;q dgk gS\
2- mnkj O;fDr dh igpku oSQls gks ldrh gS\
3- dfo us nèkhfp] d.kZ vkfn egku O;fDr;ksa dk mnkgj.k nsdj ^euq";rk* osQ fy, D;k lans'k fn;k gS\
4- dfo us fdu iafDr;ksa esa ;g O;Dr fd;k gS fd geas xoZ&jfgr thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,\
5- ^euq"; ek=k caèkq gS* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
6- dfo us lcdks ,d gksdj pyus dh izsj.kk D;ksa nh gS\
7- O;fDr dks fdl izdkj dk thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,\ bl dfork osQ vkèkkj ij fyf[k,A
8- ^euq";rk* dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo D;k lans'k nsuk pkgrk gS\
([k) fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,
1- lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_
o'khÑrk lnSo gS cuh gqbZ Lo;a eghA
fojQ¼okn cq¼ dk n;k&izokg esa cgk]
fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\
2- jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkaèk rqPN foÙk esa]
lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpÙk esaA
vukFk dkSu gS ;gk¡\ f=kyksdukFk lkFk gSa]
n;kyq nhucaèkq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSaA
3- pyks vHkh"V ekxZ esa lg"kZ [ksyrs gq,]
foifÙk] fo?u tks iMs+sa mUgsa <osQyrs gq,A
?kVs u gsyesy gk¡] c<+s u fHkUurk dHkh]
vroZQ ,d iaFk osQ lroZQ iaFk gkas lHkhA
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls jafrnso] nèkhfp] d.kZ vkfn ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
2- ^ijksidkj* fo"k; ij vkèkkfjr nks dforkvksa vkSj nks nksgksa dk ladyu dhft,A mUgsa d{kk esa lqukb,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- v;ksè;k ¯lg mikè;k; ^gfjvkSèk* dh dfork ^deZohj* rFkk vU; dforkvksa dks if<+, rFkk d{kk esa lqukb,A
2- Hkokuh izlkn feJ dh ^izk.kh ogh izk.kh gS* dfork if<+, rFkk nksuksa dforkvksa osQ Hkkoksa esa O;Dr gqbZ lekurk dks fyf[k,A
'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
eR;Z & ej.k'khy
i'kq&izo`fÙk & i'kq tSlk LoHkko
mnkj & nku'khy @ lân;
ÑrkFkZ & vkHkkjh @ /U;
dhfrZ & ;'k
owQtrh & eèkqj èofu djrh
{kqèkkrZ & Hkw[k ls O;koqQy
jafrnso & ,d ije nkuh jktk
djLFk & gkFk esa idM+k gqvk @ fy;k gqvk
nèkhfp & ,d izfl¼ Íf"k ftudh gfa;ksa ls banz dk otz cuk Fkk
ijkFkZ & tks nwljksa osQ fy, gks
vfLFktky & gfa;ksa dk lewg
m'khuj & xaèkkj ns'k dk jktk
f{krh'k & jktk
Loekal & vius 'kjhj dk ekal
d.kZ & nku nsus osQ fy, izfl¼ oqaQrh iq=k
egkfoHkwfr & cM+h Hkkjh iw¡th
o'khÑrk & o'k esa dh gqbZ
fo#¼okn cq¼ dk
n;k&izokg esa cgk & cq¼ us djQ.kko'k ml le; dh ikjaifjd ekU;rkvksa dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk
enkaèk & tks xoZ ls vaèkk gks
foÙk & èku&laifÙk
ijLijkoyac & ,d&nwljs dk lgkjk
veR;Z&vad & nsork dh xksn
viad & dyad&jfgr
Lo;aHkw & ijekRek @ Lo;a mRiUu gksus okyk
varjSD; & vkRek dh ,drk @ var%dj.k dh ,drk
izek.kHkwr & lk{kh
vHkh"V & bfPNr
vroZQ & roZQ ls ijs
lroZQ iaFk & lkoèkku ;k=kh
